Effects Of Games On Learning Disabilities Essay - 2016 Words

Effects of Games on Learning Disabilities Having a learning disability should not stop students from learning or doing well in school. The placement of special education can be beneficial to those who need extra help in school. Games can be helpful for those in special education programs. By implementing games and new strategies of learning, one could learn easier and more efficiently. For example, a particular case was with those who have ADHD, in which the study was comparing the effects that training one’s working memory in children using regular techniques versus a game-like approach. The study concluded that children aged 9 to 12 who had ADHD appeared to show greater levels of motivation, better training performance, and superior working memory in the post test compared to the pretest, before the game started. (Prins, 2011). In fact, with the help of games such as chess, memory games, and brain games, student learning can actually aid in minimizing symptoms of learning disabilities. In fact, chess could be a va luable learning aid for children with learning disabilities due to the fact that chess instruction facilities the transfer of cognitive skills from chess to mathematics (Bart 1). Not only those with learning disabilities, but in general, those put in special education can benefit from games by learning how games can have an impact on learning tactics and how one could cooperate efficiently. The goal of this project is to examine if people with some experienceShow MoreRelatedEffect Of Integrating Computer Integrated Instruction For Students With Disabilities1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe effect of incorporating computer integrated instruction for students with disabilities was analyzed through three different articles. In the first article Games for Engaged Learning of Middle School Children, the study focused on middle school students playing pre-algebra games and the outcome of their learning. There were three different games introduced to the students and the study found that th e students were engaged, working together, and competitive. Part of the study tracked the studentsRead MoreTeaching Disabilities And Academic Learning Disabilities1083 Words   |  5 PagesLearning disabilities are characterized by their diversity more than by any other factor. You can divide the disabilities into two categories: developmental learning disabilities and academic learning disabilities. Developmental learning disabilities are disabilities in functions that are considered needed for learning like attention, perception, memory, thinking (cognitive), and oral language. Attention applies to selective attention, ability to select and focus on relevant things, and sustainedRead MoreFor Many Years, Teachers Have Worked To Make Their Students1662 Words   |  7 Pagessupport learning, especially for those with disabilities, because they provide ways other than the traditional way to learn a topic (Constantinescu, 2007). The increased use of technology in classrooms is extr emely beneficial when teaching vocabulary to students with learning disabilities because it encourages the use of interactive multi-media such as online games, word banks, and tools for semantic mapping, which are all things that support vocabulary learning for students with learning disabilitiesRead MoreStudents With Learning Disabilities Academic Needs Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the challenges that can occur within integrated classroom is students with learning disabilities academic needs are not being meet. For teachers to successfully enforce integrated classroom they need all the same resources a special education classroom receives for the students. What can occur unfortunately classroom population for teacher and student’s ratio is increasing, and can have a negative effect for student academic performance. For a classroom to be successful the classroom sizeRead MoreThe Benefits of Virtual Technology in Education for Children with Special Needs1310 Words   |  6 PagesMinistry of National Unity and Development of the Community, and Ministry of Education Malaysia. Term children with disabilities are commonly used to refer to children of physical, sensory, cognitive, or mental health intelectual. The use of virtual reality in the context of education enable the provision of cognitive and affective learning for teachers and students. The types of disability is spinal injuries, down syndrome, cerebral palsy, aspergers syndrome and acquired brain injury. Studies on a varietyRead MoreMusic Therapy For Children And Adults With Learning Disabilities1662 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of literature on the topic of music therapy, the background of music therapy, how it takes place and how it helps clients with autism. A lot of the literature found on the topic music therapy found it helped children and adults with learning disabilities. This section of the dissertation will analyse the literature that is already available on music therapy and autism. It will also analyse literature on drug therapies. I will explore the history of music therapy how and why it is used, howRead MoreOne Social Issue That Has Not Gotten Much Attention Until1357 Words   |  6 Pagesreached the big time (The National Theatre). Plays about disabilities are still trying to gain some spotlight, although Curious Incident’s popularity has helped. Many of the plays revolving around mental illness are being performed in local theatres throughout Great Britain. It is good to have plays on smaller scales, especially ones on mental illness because it creates a more intimate setting for the audience to understand the characters’ disabilities. A lot of these plays are great works that have yetRead MoreMovie Analysis : Temple Grandin993 Words   |  4 Pagestremendous breakthroughs of learning for Temple for example her getting admitted into college contrary to what the doctors believed about Temple’s abilities. Temple then goes on to effectively change how we handle cows for slaughtering changing the cattle industry and the medical industry for someone at that point in time to show to the world that anyone with a disability can be an important part of society while showing the world to be more accepting of people with disabilities. The movie Inviticus isRead MoreTexas Dyslexia Reform: Implementing a Policy in Its Infancy Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pages1985, continues to set the standard when it comes to dyslexia education reform (T. Flanders, personal communication, August 30, 2011). Until recently, little consideration was made in the use of assistive technology (AT) for students with mild disabilities, specifically in the field of dyslexia education and intervention (Edyburn, 2006, p. 18). With the passing of Senate Bill 866, concerning the implementation of classroom technology plans for students with dyslexia, the pursuit of reform has becomeRead MoreThe Emotional Development Of Young Children1085 Words   |  5 Pages children are learning the meaning behind each emotion and how to appropriately use them to express themselves. Erik Erikson, psychologist, created an 8 socioemotional stage development theory explaining what skills were being developed at certain ages. Parental monitoring is important du ring childhood to determine their emotional progress to catch any delays or disabilities developing. Positive nurturing will create a more positive outcome in their education. Also how the effects of bullying and

The Theory Of Economic Development Essay - 1477 Words

The theory of economic development has equipped the underdeveloped countries with a choice between ‘balanced’ and ‘unbalanced’ growth that has been one of the most tendentious topics. One group advocates the theory of Balanced Growth and refutes, in almost unequivocal terms, the virtues and utility of the doctrine of Unbalanced Growth, which the other group endorses with great insistence. These approaches towards economic development have been expounded and interpreted in various ways in the literature on the subject. In this discourse, I shall elucidate critically the major features of balanced and unbalanced growth as propounded by their corresponding proponents. Further, I shall discuss the position, potency and effectiveness of these strategies in India and South Korea. The doctrine of balanced growth lays emphasis primarily on the horizontal interdependence in consumption demand. According to this conviction, in order to maneuver through the stagnant levels of income and productivity in the underdeveloped countries to successfully initiate the process of development, it is essential to simultaneously invest in a number of projects spread over several supporting, mutually interdependent industries. An elaborate network of complementary enterprises could produce inducement for further investment by providing demand for each other’s output. This aspect of balanced growth theory received considerable attention from three developmental thinkers – Paul Rosenstein-Rodan,Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Economic Development984 Words   |  4 Pages With this inquiry I seek to establish the role of finance in economic development as presented by Joseph Schumpeter in his book, The Theory of Economic Development, [1911] The book analyzes elements that make up for economic development in a capitalistic society as viewed by Schumpeter. The elements mentioned include and revolve around the subject of finance. Finance is simply defined by investopedia.com as, â€Å"Finance is the science that describes the management, creation and study of money, bankingRead MoreRostows Theory of Economic Development1055 Words   |  5 PagesLECTURER: MR. MASINDE TASK: A DISCUSSION OF THE ROSTOW FIVE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT GROPU MEMBERS NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER SIGNATURE NYABUTO MEPHINE BWARI E37/1523/2011 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ BARAZA A. DANIEL E37/1625/2011 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ LUMONYE FAITH JUMA E35S/11325/2010 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ DOUGHLAS NYAKUNDI E37/1509/2011 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ FREDDICK ACHACH E37/1614/2011 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Rostow’s five stages of Development This theory was written by Walt Whiteman Rostow. In 1960 he suggested countriesRead MoreWorld Theory And Wallersteins Stages Of Social And Economic Development731 Words   |  3 Pagesessay attempts to compare and to contrast the theories of Walt Rostows stages of social and economic development and Wallersteins world system theory. The Rostows five-stage model of economic growth and core-periphery concept of Wallerstein’s three-part world system theory are both used to identify a countrys development. Although they have similarities, there are differences between the two models. Rostows five-stage model emphasizes on the development process of countries. On the other hand, WallersteinsRead MoreA Brief Note On The Growth Theory And The Dual Sector Model Of Economic Development Essay3646 Words   |  15 Pages ENDOGENOUS GROWTH THEORY BY MARTIN RIITHO MAINA KCA 14/02073 A Term Paper submitted to Prof. Joseph Ongeri in fulfilment Of the requirements for the course Advanced Macro-Economics, as credit towards the degree of Master of Science (Finance and Economics) KCA UNIVERSITY November, 2014 â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 Abstract.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦..3 1.1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........................................4 2.0 Literature review: Models†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Relationships Between Michael Porter’s Theory of Competitiveness and Economic Development of Nations, Regions, and Cities and the Economics of Innovation2350 Words   |  10 Pagesyears ago in his masterpiece â€Å"The Competitive Advantage of Nations† Michael Porter developed a model to analyze the competitiveness and economic development of nations, regions, and cities, a model that is still a milestone in this field of enquiry. In this work I will try to show how that theory about competitiveness is related with some important aspects of economics of innovation, also in the light of the already visible effects of globalization. Introduction I will first explain the effects of globalizationRead MoreDiscuss the Relationship Between Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Development. What Role Do Creativity and Problem Solving Play in This Relationship? Refer to Both Theory and Examples from the Business World to Support Your Discussion.1637 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. What role do creativity and problem solving play in this relationship? Refer to both theory and examples from the business world to support your discussion. Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development are linked to one another through different factors and characteristics of each other. Entrepreneurship â€Å"is the result of what entrepreneurs do and refers to events and their economic impact† (Lumsdaine E, Binks M 2007 P11). ThisRead MoreDiscuss the Relationship Between Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Development. What Role Do Creativity and Problem Solving Play in This Relationship? Refer to Both Theory and Examples from the Business World to Support Your Discussion.’2397 Words   |  10 PagesDiscuss the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. What role do creativity and problem solving play in this relationship? Refer to both theory and examples from the business world to support your discussion.’ There are many links that bring together a relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development, and both creativity and problem solving play a large role within this relationship. Entrepreneurial activity can lead to innovation withinRead MoreEssay on Taking a Closer Look at the Modernization Theory1117 Words   |  5 PagesMODERNIZATION THEORY The invention of the concepts of development and underdevelopment is attributable to the former U.S. President Harry Truman, in a speech in January 1949, stressed the need to help the underdeveloped countries. In an international context of profound change following the Second World War and the process of decolonization that followed, the United States , then became superpower , proposed to establish a new world order in which the conflicting worldviews stand down mutual developmentRead MoreDeveloping Countries During World War II1547 Words   |  7 Pagestwo groups of economies increased eventually in addition to the increase in the rate of dependability amongst them. With the rapid growth in wealth and industrialization of the First World, only a few developing countries managed to have adequate economic growth on the line of the developed countries. Many of the developing countries which were poor at that time still remained to be poor today even today in comparison to the indust rialized nations. Dearth of capital and skilled labor produces a lowRead MoreAdam Smith Influence on Economic Theory Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is the work of Adam Smith considered so crucial in the development of economic thought? Adam Smith is widely regarded as the father of economics as a social science, and is perhaps best known for his work The Wealth of Nations. Throughout this work Smith states and informs towards his belief that society is not at its most productive when ruled over by rules and limitations with regards to trade, and that in order for markets to maximise prosperity, a free trade environment should be made

Frederick Winslow Taylor Business Management Essay Example For Students

Frederick Winslow Taylor: Business Management Essay Lenoir Community College Frederick Winslow Taylor Business Management David Mercer Tuesday, February 04, 1997 CONTENTS I. Introduction. I. Introduction. 6 II. The Younger Years.. 7 III Midvale Steel Company .n IV Inventions.. .n V. Pig-Iron Handling Experiments. .n VI. Shoveling Experiments . ..n VII. Conclusion ..n APPENDI. .n SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.. .n LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Illustration 1. .n 2. Illustration 2. .n 3. Illustration 3. .n 4. Illustration 4. .n 5. Illustration 5. .n LIST OF TABLES 1. Differential Piece Rate Wages. .n 2. Table 2. ..n 3. Table 3 n 4. Table 4.. .n 5. Table 5. ..n Introduction This paper is in response to the assignment for a paper and short speech concerning a person with relevant contributions to the world of management. Frederick Taylor is affectionately referred to as the Father of Scientific Management. The modern systems of manufacturing and management would not be the examples of efficiency that they are today, without the work of Taylor. Frederick Taylor was instrumental in bringing industry out of the dark ages by beginning to revolutionize the way work was approached. Taylor was able to increase wages, productivity and reduce per piece costs at the same time. Taylors work was eventually adopted in a wide array of applications. Taylors ideas had a significant influence on the industrial life of all modernized countries. Even Lenin went as far as to publish an article in Pravda , Raising the Productivity of Labour, based on the writings of Taylor. Thus Taylor changed the way the world conducted business. Taylors work was an extension of technology. It was a marriage of human work and technology. His Priniciples of Scientifiic Management was conceived to be free of value judgement. The Younger Years Frederick W. Taylor was born into a well-to-do family in Philadelphia in 1856 . His family was not wealthy , but they were well exposed to the high culture of the local society. Growing up it was expected that Taylor would study to become an attorney. Taylor attended Phillips-Exeter Academy. He was a devout student, doing very well with his studies. To achieve good grades, Taylor studied many long hours. It was quite unfortunate that Taylor was to miss Harvard Law School due to bad eyes that doctors attrributed to studying in the poor light of a kerosene lamp. In later years it was realized that his eye problem was actually caused by stress, as it improved after he left Phillips. Taylor moved back home after graduating from Phillips. He realized that he should take up a trade and got a job as an apprentice machinist and pattern maker. Having spent four years learning his trade, Taylor got a job as a yard laborer at Midvale Steel Company. Taylor realized that at this point he needed to continue his education. He convinced the people at Stevens Institute of Technology to allow him to attend classes long distance. He would study in his spare time in Philadelphia and go to the school in New Jersey to take his exams. In June of 1883, Taylor graduated with a Mechanical Engineering degree. He subsequently joined the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Midvale Steel Company The Midvale Steel Company was part of the post Civil War expansion of industrialized Philadelphia. They made steel railroad tires. Due to poor management, Midvale failed in 1873. Fortunately for Taylor, the company was sold and prospered under the direction of the new owners. There were two reasons for the success of the company. The first was that the company was able to improve their scientific processes. The second reason was they were to receive contracts to manufacture Naval gun forgings. By the 1890s, Midvale was one of the countries largest defense contracters. .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .postImageUrl , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:hover , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:visited , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:active { border:0!important; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:active , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essay The company was in period of rapid growth. Taylor advanced quickly at Midvale. In eight years he would be promoted from ordinary laborer through the ranks of time keeper, machinist, gang boss, foreman, assistant engineer to chief engineer of the plant. Taylor was promoted to gang boss due to the business turn around and the subsequent influx of orders. As gang boss Taylor was well aware that the workers could be producing at much higher levels than they were. As Taylor tried to increase production, he met a lot of resistance from the workers. This fight to increase production gave Frederick Taylor his first look at the unsystemized managerial methods commonplace in industry. Typically the fly by the seat of the pants approach was used to manage manufacturing facilities. Taylor realized that there was a scientific approach to technical problems. Yet, the current approach to .

Question Papers Essay Example

Question Papers Essay Model Question Paper Subject Code: BC 0058 Subject Name: Data Warehouse Credits: 4 Marks: 140 Part A (One mark questions) 1. When a large number of transactions are taken and stored to be dealt with at a later time without the presence of a user, the process is known as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. a. OLTP system b. batch processing. c. Data warehousing d. None of the above. 2. OLTP stands for a. Online Transaction Processing b. Offline Transaction Processing c. Online Transfer Process d. Offline Transfer Process 3. Who is the Father of Data Warehouse? a. Michael Reed b. Bill Inmon c. Ralph Kimball d. Dr. Rakesh Agarwal. 4. Which is not a type of data warehouse. a. Federated Data warehouse b. Distributed Data warehouse c. Real time Data warehouse d. Subject oriented Data warehouse 5. Which is not a Key Issue during data warehouse construction. a. Values and expectations. b. Risk assessment. c. a b both d. None of the above 6. The _____approach is to start by building individual data marts one by one. a. Top down b. Bottom up c. best-of-breed d. None of the above 7. _________ is known worldwide as an innovator, writer, educator, speaker and consultant in the field of Data Warehousing. a. Michael Reed b. Bill Inmon c. Ralph Kimball d. Dr. Rakesh Agarwal 8. With the ___________ approach, compatibility among the tools from different vendors could become a serious problem a. Top down b. Bottom up c. best-of-breed d. None of the above 9. The structure that brings all the components of a Data Warehouse together is known as the†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. Organization b. Architecture c. System d. structure 10. Which data is supported by different database systems and operating systems and is the data from many vertical applications. a. Production Data b. Internal Data c. External Data d. Archived Data 11. We will write a custom essay sample on Question Papers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Question Papers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Question Papers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Which applications are knowledge discovery systems where the algorithms help you discover trends and patterns from the usage of your data. a. Ad hoc b. MD analysis c. Data-mining d. EIS Feed 12. A __________ is a repository of data gathered from operational data and other sources that is designed to serve a particular community of knowledge workers . a. Data-Mining b. Data Mart c. Metadata d. Data warehouse 13. Which Data Model describes data from a high level. a. Logical b. Physical c. External d. Conceptual 14. Which technique is a discipline used to illuminate the microscopic relationships among data elements. . Dimensional Modeling b. Star schema c. E-R modeling d. Data warehousing 15. The main purpose of ER modeling is a. To improve analysis for decision making b. To remove redundancy c. To record historical data d. All the above 16. Dimension modeling is represented using a. Snow-flake schema b. Star schema c. Fact constellation d. Granularity schema 17. Data extraction, transf ormation, and loading encompass the areas of data acquisition and ______ a. Data loss b. Data regain c. data storage. d. Data transfer 18. ________ presupposes a selection process and select the needed data based on the user requirements. . Data extraction b. Data transformation c. Data loading d. data storage 19. _______ implies physical movement of the data from the computer storing the source database to that which will store the data warehouse database, assuming it is different. a. Extraction b. Transformation c. Loading d. Storing 20. Which of the following is not the type of data loading a. Initial Load b. Incremental Load c. Full Refresh d. decremental load 21. The state of completeness, validity, consistency, timeliness and accuracy makes data appropriate for a specific use. a. Data warehouse b. Data mining c. Data quality d. Data mart 22. ____refers to the methods of automatically identifying objects, collecting data about them and entering data into the data warehouse a. Data capture b. Data Integration c. Data Profiling d. Data Cleansing 23. Which is not a popular OLAP tool a. Business Objects b. Cognos c. SAS/OLAP Studio d. None of the above 24. Data stored by operational systems, such as point-of-sales, are in types of databases called ____ a. ERP b. Supply chain management c. Online Transaction Processing. d. Customer relationship management 25. A data model consists of a. Structural part b. Manipulative part c. Set of integrity rules d. All the above 26. ______is a process of modeling and formalizing data requirements is an intrinsic part of the database design process. a. Data modeling b. Data extraction c. Data integration d. Data distribution 27. RAID stands for a. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks b. Redundant Application of Integrated Data c. Reduced Application of Inexpensive Data d. Reduced Application of Integrated Disks 28. According to Ralph Kimball, Back-room metadata guides: 1. Extraction 2. Cleaning 3. Loading processes a. 1,2 only b. ,2 only c. 1,2,3 all d. 2,3 only 29. Which is not an example of Technical Metadata. a. hardware details b. software details c. Query response time details d. system configuration details 30. In ETL process all the records in the _________ that should be brought into the data warehouse actually are extracted into the data warehouse. a. Destination system b. source system c. Data system d. user system 31. _ ____ Testing ensure that the ETL Process functions well with other upstream and downstream processes. a. Unit b. Regression c. Performance d. Integration 32. UAT stands for a. Unit Acceptance Technique b. User Acceptance Testing c. Unique Acceptance Testing d. Union Acceptance Technique 33. ______ is a technique of extracting the hidden predictive information from large databases. a. Data Mining b. Data warehousing c. Data extraction d. Data transformation 34. Which of the following is not a technique of data mining: a. Artificial Neural Networks b. Decision Trees c. Genetic Algorithms d. chinese postman problem algorithm 35. CART stands for a. Chisquare Automatic and Regression Testing b. Classification and Regression Trees c. Credit-card Automatic Route Transfer d. Chisquare Algorithm Regression Testing 36. ______ provides tools for searching, sorting, filtering and drilling down enabling previously complex data models to be viewed intuitively through real-time 3-D graphical representation a. Intelligent Miner b. Enterprise Miner c. MineSet d. Clementine 37. Which of the following is not a tool of data mining a. MineSet b. Intelligent Miner c. Weka3 d. Redbrick 38. A ______ Web house is a single most important tool for identifying, prioritizing, and retaining e-commerce customers. a. click stream b. Data stream c. Design stream d. rag stream 39. When you bring your data warehouse to the web, from the point of view of the users,then which of the following is not the key requirement for the same: a. self-service data access b. interactive analysis c. low availability and performance d. zero-administration client 40. _______which provides low-cost transmission of information, and exchange information with anyone within or outside the company. a. I ntranet b. Extranet c. Internet d. user net Part B (Two mark questions) 41. State whether the following statement is true or false for Data warehouse and OLTP 1. A Data Warehouse (DW), is a database that is designed for facilitating querying and analysis. 2. OLAP system is designed to be read-optimized. a. 1-T , 2-F b. 1-F , 2-T c. 1-F , 2-F d. 1-T , 2-T 42. A Data Warehouse is a relational database that is designed for †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. Process and transaction b. Query and analysis c. Searching and selection d. Searching and sorting 43. State whether the following statement is true or false for the differences between OLTP and Data Warehouse projects. 1. The Data Warehouse record transactions in real time and aims to automate the clerical data entry processes of a business entity. 2. The OLTP database does not cater to real time operational requirements of the enterprise. a. 1-T , 2-F b. 1-F , 2-T c. 1-F , 2-F d. 1-T , 2-T 44. What are the vital areas in data warehouse development life cycle â€Å" 1. Warehouse management 2. Data management 3. Project management a. Only 1, 2 b. Only 1, 3 c. Only 2 ,3 d. All the above 45. What are the components of data warehouse architecture 1. Source Data Component 2. Data Staging Component 3. Data Storage Component a. Only 1, 2 b. Only 1, 3 c. Only 2 ,3 d. All the above 46. There are three staged archival methods, so arrange these methods in to the appropriate sequence. . Recent data is archived to a separate archival database that may still be online. 2. The oldest data is archived to tape cartridges or microfilm and even kept off-site. 3. The older data is archived to flat files on disk storage. a. 1,2,3 b. 2,3,1 c. 3,2,1 d. 1,3,2 47. State whether the following statements are true or false for fact table: 1. Fact Table is m ade up of two or more foreign keys. 2. Fact table always expresses a one-to-many relationship. a. 1-T,2-T b. 1-T,2-F c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 48. The process of turning ________ into _________ is called archiving. a. archived redo log files, redo log files b. Flat files, dump files c. redo log files, archived redo log files d. dump files, Flat files 49. Arrange the functional steps of ETL into an appropriate sequence. 1. Filtering for refreshes and incremental loads 2. Triggering for incremental changes 3. Data extraction 4. Transformation 5. Integration 6. Cleansing 7. Applying to the Data Warehouse database. a. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 b. 1,3,2,6,5,4,7 c. 2,1,5,4,3,6,7 d. 7,6,5,4,3,2,1 50. _____and ______tools are available to translate the data from one platform to another, and populate the Data Warehouse. a. Statistical Analysis System, Informatics b. Oracle 10g Warehouse builder, MySAP c. Data Extraction, loading d. SAP BI, Oracle 10g 51. State whether the following statements are true or false for CMM levels. 1. At level 3, companies can begin to predict future IT implementation performance. 2. At level 4, IT best practices are documented and performed throughout the enterprise. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-F,2-T c. 1-T,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 52. State whether the following statements are true or false: 1. ROLAP technology tends to have greater scalability than MOLAP technology 2. MOLAP technology tends to have greater scalability than ROLAP technology a. 1-T,2-F b. -T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 53. State whether the following statements are true or false for characteristics of OLAP 1. An OLAP system typically adopts either a star or snowflake model and a subject oriented database design. 2. OLAP systems are not market-oriented. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 54. State True(T) or False(F). 1. RAID 0 provides data stripping 2. RAID 1 prov ides block level stripping a. 1–F, 2–F b. 1–F, 2–T c. 1–T, 2–F d. 1–T, 2–T 55. Design metadata consists of 1. Schema definition 2. Source tables 3. ETL information a. Only 1 and 2 b. Only 1 and 3 c. Only 2 and 3 d. Only 1 6. The tools of metadata management are 1. Erwin data modeler 2. Ablnitio EME 3. Pentaho Metadata 4. Microsoft repository a. Only 2 and 4 b. Only 1 and 2 c. Only 3 and 4 d. All of the above 57. ________ and _______ensures that data loads and queries perform within expected time frames and that the technical architecture is scalable. a. Performance, Scalability Testing b. Unit, Regression Testing c. Integration, Requirements Testing d. None of the above 58. State whether the following statement is true or false: 1. Regression testing is revalidation of existing functionality with each new release of code. . UAT typically focuses on data loaded to the Data Warehouse and any views that have been created on top of the tables. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 59. State whether the following statements are true or false: 1. Data Mining is user driven approach not data driven approach. 2. Prediction is the other aspect of Data Mining. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 60. Which of the following are the useful informations of Web house: 1. Site statistics 2. Visitor conversions 3. Referring partner links 4. Site navigation resulting in orders 5. Site navigation not resulting in orders a. Only 1, 2, 3 b. .Only 1,2,3,4 c. All 1, 2,3,4,5 d. Only 1,2,3,5 Part C (Four mark questions) 61. Match the following for the functionality of data warehousing. Set A A. Roll-up B. Drill-down C. Pivot D. Slice and Dice E. Selection Set B 1. Data is summarized with increased generalization. 2. Cross tabulation that is, rotation is performed. 3. Increasing levels of detail are revealed. 4. Data is available by value or range. 5. Performing projection operations on the dimensions. a. A-1 , B-2 , C-3 , D-4, E-5 b. A-5 , B-4 , C-3 , D-2, E-1 c. A-1 , B-3 , C-2 , D-5, E-4 d. A-2 , B-1 , C-4 , D-3, E-5 62. State whether the following statements are true or false for Data warehouse 1. Data Warehouse contains data for information purpose. 2. Data Warehouse is a store house of historical data. 3. In Data Warehouse, the requirements are gathered area wise. a. 1-T, 2-T, 3-T b. 1-T, 2-T, 3-T c. 1-F, 2-T, 3-F d. 1-T, 2-T, 3-T 63. Fill in the blank 1. The Data Warehouse functions as a Decision Support System and an 2. The tool will host a meta data repository. 3. A DW architecture is a system that is composed of multiple architectures. . 1- Executive Information System, 2- ETL, 3 Federated b. 1- ETL, 2- Executive Information System, 3 Federated c. 1- Executive Information System, 2-Federated , 3 ETL d. 1- Federated, 2- ETL, 3 Executive Information System 64. What are the characteristics of fact table in star schema? 1. Concatenated key 2. Data grain 3. Fully additive measure 4. Factfull fact table 5. Semi additive measure 6. Table is wide a. 1, 2, 3, 6 only b. 1,2,3,4 only c. 1, 2, 4, 6 only d. 1, 2, 3, 5 only 65. Fill in the blanks. 1. ________ a type of application of data is similar to the initial load. . ________ is the application of ongoing changes from the source systems. 3. ________populating all the Data Warehouse tables for the very first time. a. 1- full refresh, 2- Incremental Load, 3-Initial Load b. 1- Incremental Load, 2-full refresh , 3-Initial Load c. 1- Initial Load, 2- Incremental Load, 3-full refresh d. 1- Incremental Load, 2- Initial Load, 3- full refresh 66. Match the following: 1. Level 0 – a. Performed Informally 2. Level 1 – b. Not Performed 3. Level 2 – c. Well-Defined 4. Level 3 – d. Planned and Tracked 5. Level 4 – e. Quantitatively Controlled 6. Level 5 – f. Continuously Improving a. 1-b,2-a,3-d,4-c,5-e,6-f b. 1-a, 2-b,3-d,4-c,5-e,6-f c. 1-c,2-b,3-a,4-d,5-f,6-e d. 1-f,2-a,3-d,4-c,5-b,6-e 67. Rearrange the following steps in OLAP creation process 1. Transform and standardize data 2. Build cubes 3. Produce reports 4. Extract data 5. Import to OLAP database a. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 b. 1, 4, 5, 2, 3 c. 4, 1, 5, 2, 3 d. 5, 3, 2, 1, 4 68. Match the following sets Set -1 1. RAID 0 2. RAID 1 3. RAID 0+1 4. RAID 5 Set-2 a. Data Stripping b. Shadowing/Mirroring / Duplexing c. Striping and Mirroring d. block-level striping a. 1-a,2-b,3-c,4-d b. 1-b,2-a,3-c,4-d c. -a,2-b,3-d,4-c d. 1-d,2-c,3-b,4-a 69. Match the following sets Set -1 1. Design Metadata 2. Population Metadata 3. Administrative Metadata Set-2 a. ETL information, sources and interface details b. Schema definition, source tables, and views. c. Access rights, protocols, physical location. a. 1-a,,2-b,3-c b. 1-b,2-a,3-c c. 1-c,2-b,3-a d. 1-b,2-c,3-a 70. Which of the following are not the parts of Unit testing: 1. Whether ETLs are accessing and picking up right data from right source. 2. Sequence of ETLs jobs in batch. 3. Testing the rejected records that don’t fulfill transformation rules. 4. Checking the source system connectivity. 5. Dependency and sequencing. 6. Error log generation. a. 1,2,3 only b. 2,4,5 only c. 2,5,6 only d. 2,3,6 only 71. Arrange the decision support progress of data mining steps in the appropriate sequence. 1. Database systems 2. File based systems 3. OLAP systems 4. Data warehouses 5. Data mining applications a. 1, 2,3,4,5 b. 5, 4,3,2,1 c. 2, 1,4,3,5 d. 3, 2,4,5,1 72. The clickstream data enables analysis of different measures like:– 1. Customer demand 2. Demographic data collection 3. Site statistics 4. Feedback on website design 5. Customer buying patterns 6. Effectiveness of marketing promotions a. 1, 2, 3, 4 only b. 1, 2,4,5,6 only c. 1, 2,3,4,5 only d. 4, 5, 6 only 73. State whether the following statements are true or false for features of the data Web house 1. It is a fully distributed system. as Kimball would say, there is no center to the data Web house. 2. It is a Web-enabled system; it is beyond a client/server system. 3. The Web does not support to the data types including textual, numeric, graphical, photographic, audio, video, and more. 4. The Web sleeps for some time. a. 1-F,2-T,3-F,4-F b. 1-T,2-T,3-F,4-F c. 1-F,2-F,3-F,4-T d. 1-F,2-F,3-T,4-T 4. Match the following two sets correctly Set–I a. MineSet b. Clementine c. DMMiner d. Intelligent Miner Set–II 1. DBMiner technology inc. 2. SPSS Inc. integral solutions 3. IBM Corp 4. Silicon Graphics Inc–SGI a. a–4, b–3, c–2, d–1 b. a–4, b–2, c–1, d–3 c. a–2, b–3, c–4, d–1 d. aâ₠¬â€œ4, b–2, c–3, d–1 75. Match the following two sets correctly Set–I a. Disk mirroring b. Disk striping c. Parity checking d. Disk duplexing Set–II 1. Writing the same data to two disk drives connected to the same controller 2. Each disk has its own distinct controller 3. Ensures correct transmission of data 4. Data spread across multiple disks by sectors a. a–3, b–1, c–2, d–4 b. a–1, b–2, c–3, d–4 c. a–1, b–4, c–3, d–2 d. a–2, b–4, c–3, d–1 Answer Keys Part A Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ans. Key B A B D D B C C B A C B D C B B C A C D Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Ans. Key C A D C D A A C C B D B A D B C D A C C Q. No. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Part B Ans. Key D B C A D D B C C C D A A C A D A B C C Q. No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Part C Ans. Key C C A D A A C A B C C B B B C

Dramatic Comedy The Hairy Ape

Workplace Health Safety

Workplace Health Safety Introduction The purpose of this paper is to examine the ethical dilemmas of business in the area of workplace health and safety. In order to do so, this report concentrates on workplace environment of the United Arab Emirates, and compares the position of the workplace health and safety issues of this region with European countries, Asian countries like China, India, and Malaysia, and other GCC countries.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Workplace Health Safety specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, this paper focuses on the theoretical framework of the ethical dilemmas of the employers about workplace environment, and the activities of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Literature review on ethical dilemmas in the area of workplace health safety Workplace ethics and dilemmas Strasheim (2010) has defined workplace ethics as a corporate agenda that has required to representing constitu tional values such as human dignity. Alternatively, workplace ethics is a framework or road map for ensuring both employee and product/service efficiency. In the area of HRM,[1] ethics has reflected through the scope of equal opportunity, code of conduct, health and hygiene, both direct and fringe benefits, performance appraisal and so on. In simpler form, workplace ethics has referred appropriate compliance practice by HR department of an organization. From the viewpoint of professionalism, ethics within the workplace has assign to execute organizational behavior derived from social norms and values, awareness of moral duties, responsibilities, and sense to diversify right or wrong where trade-off between ER[2] and IR has supervised by the labor union of an organization. Any violence of ethical issues would generate ethical dilemmas during daily work life. Following are the major and common five types of workplace dilemmas that is consistent with this paper to analyze the workplace health and safety issues are as -Human resource management attributes (2) Employee health and safety concern (3) Conflicts of interest (4) Consumer’s loyalty and (5) Utilization of the corporate or business resources (Gan, 2010). Ethical dilemmas in workplace Andrews (2007) identified the ethical business dilemmas those the employees possibly will encounter at job is as and the employer have no interest to comply that the employee has the rights to avoid any pressure that forcefully adopted on him and in case of such pressure the employee would be tempted to violate conscience. Snapshot of ethical dilemmas in workplace has accounted where other than health and safety issues supplementary influences have taken place belonging towards unofficial aspects has significantly enlarged costs of the organization and in this case, most of the time more than one staff has involved magnifying company has cost burden.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let' s see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More False statement is another violence of company law as well as workplace ethics though which an organization can lose their valued consumers and hence current market position connecting the creation of fake company images has fabricated intra-official conflicts as well as long-term market loss. Therefore, employees have to be taken in mind that technically true impression of an organization could be treated as fake advertisement. The Influence to buy as well as involved into a conflict of common specified interest have greatly influenced consumers’ choice and hence company’s market image. Consequently, official ethics dilemmas have spread out like a disease during entire atmosphere of an organization. Divulging information about new product or service has raised question about the hygiene and safety of that product. From viewpoint of workplace dilemma, hiding information about harmful ness of a product has directly violent ethical act. The practice of taking unfair advantages would hamper health and safety regulations of government as well as consumers have misguided to take harmful products and arrange events outside the organization have significantly enlarged company’s social networks, but at the same time, it has a threat to increase individual decadence/corruption tendency as well as drug and alcohol incidents. Several ethical issues[3] have destroyed company reputation as well as both individual and group perpetuation while the MNCs[4] in the international market have frequently involved in ethical misconducts[5], which is another major reason to abuse company image and OHS Act 1970. To support condone immoral tasks during teamwork of an organization would create a wrong outcome during turmoil situation that balance the ethical issues and such business operation will generate ethical dilemmas. OSHA[6] profile: Entire workforce of an organization has right to get healthy working atmosphere where supervisors of the organization have to be committed on safety rationale. In order to fulfill safe working attributes OSHA has created and has a vision to ensure workplace health and safety[7]. According to OSHA, it has prohibited to force any employee to do unethical or illegitimate job. Additionally, it has also prohibited carrying out an employee in an unhealthy, unsafe, and unhygienic working place. To prevent these working dilemmas OSHA has appointed around 2100 inspectors[8] to provide necessary proactive support for both of the employer and employee. As described by OSHA, in the USA they have more than 200 support center for the business area of mining, construction sites, transportation, public organization’s employees, small and medium business organization. SST[9], LEPs[10], NEPs[11] and EEP[12] are the major device of the OSHA where diverse professionals[13] from both public and private have consult to resolve workplace dilemmas. Organizations those have frequently contravene OSH Act has lawfully treated by the EEP device. (Gan 2010)Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Workplace Health Safety specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For more clarification, fundamental issues of workplace ethics has listed in following table and antagonism of these aspects has cause of daily workplace dilemmas as well as unhealthy and unsafe working atmosphere (Baeyer, 1999). Table 2: Fundamental issues of workplace ethics Source: Baeyer (1999) OHSA[14] Act 1970 OSHA Act 1970 had introduced and administered by the United States Labor Department with the aim of assuring safe and healthy working atmosphere for the entire HR of an organization. Every employer who has occupied through trade as well as also involved in agriculture OSHA Acts can be applied. However, following are three major areas where OSHA has not been applicable and for illumination, major HR health and safety policies have included in the subsequent part. The area where the legislation may not be applied are as- self-employed or freelancers, firms constructed by the employer’s family members and workplaces protected and controlled by the Federal agencies as well as consistent with Federal constitutions, but in absent in absent of appropriate health and safety concern OSHA principles might be applied in this case (Erven Barrett, 1987). HR policies in the area of workplace health safety Role of HR policies have a significant influence on reducing workplace ethical dilemmas. Following are the most suitable facts to be behaving ethically and keep apart from erroneous functions while the salary and wages structure have to be in proportion to the duties and responsibilities of an employee.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disciplinary offence should be enquired fairly; consequently, penalty would be fair for an employee while the employees leave for illness or disability have to enquire fairly to proper compensate the labor and his family. In case of labor dispute, an HR representative should not be call as a key witness in Court and recruitment policies have to be enquiring confidential health issues[15] of an employee for fair recruitment. Meanwhile the company has committed to appoint a medical practitioner for regular examination of intoxication during working atmosphere where an organization has to supply of pure water at proper atmosphere, sufficient number of toilets[16] and hand washing equipment during working hours. Subsequently apart from workplace intoxication HR manager should have a doctor 24/7 working hour for injured labor as well as other fitness difficulties, all of the HR tasks have to be consistent with sound commercial and labor Act and annual performance appraisal has to be exec uted (Strasheim 2010). Workplace health and safety in the United Arab Emirates Over the Middle East, UAE is one of the most developed countries and their one of chief occupational source is construction business. Considering this point, in practice construction labors of the UAE have suffered a great threat of site accidents. This part of the paper has focused on current scenario of UAE workplace health safety highlighting construction sites. Most of the UAE construction firms have tried hard and sole to undertake adequate initiatives to save their valuable life, reduce and control of accidental costs moreover, have tried to reduce time between accident and restart of the project and OSHA fines. This part has analyzed a comprehensive safety program during construction. However, the alarming news is that in most of the construction accident cases companies have ignored to keep accident records. UAE has developed their Federal Labor Law during 1980 and make efficient in practice this Law has needed several amendments. The Labor Law No.8 has clear vision during workplace health and safety; here also have regulation for the worker, code of conduct and regulation after injure, wages and salary, treatment for the women employees, leave, penalties, layoff, separation, working hours, meals, overtime framework, and relevant accessories have described. About accident during construction has analyzed (including both proactive and reactive issues) in the Section-5 of the Labor Law. More specifically, these sections have declared that employer of a construction industry has to ensure following attributes (Al-Kabbi, 2001) The employers have strictly prohibited recruiting sick labors and should concern on to protect their labors from injury as well as occupational diseases where the supply of pure drinking water and toilet utilizes in the construction site and must contain 24/7 hours fire protection equipment as well as proper ventilation[17] and lighting accessories There should have an appointed medical practitioner on fixed term basis to check up labors every six months to confirm whether they have suffered from occupational diseases where in the job alcohol drinking is strictly prohibited. This rule has ordered employees to maintain proper safety precautions before start working and a clear account of employee disability or on job death where regular inspection of duties stand on responsibilities as well as training attributes. Workplace Environment Safety Yes No Safe electrical connection 84.70% 15.30% Warning signs next to machinery 39.80% 60.2% Special attention to electrical connection 81.60% 18.40% Regular examination on cranes and other equipment 61.70% 28.30% Covering hazards with protective covers 78.30% 21.70% Workplace Environment Safety Yes No Appropriate clothes 60.40% 39.60% First aid kit provision 75.90% 24.10% Sufficient number of fire extinguisher 70.60% 27.40% Trained employees on using fire extinguishe r 62.90% 37.10% Provide and maintain PPE 57.30% 42.70% Table 1: Workplace safety and proactive equipment Source: Self generated Al-Kabbi (2001, p.52-53) Ethical issues Other than construction sector UAE has also involved in oil and petroleum supply. In doing so oil companies of UAE have required to concern on both working atmosphere and environmental aspects like air, water, and sound. Considering geographical view UAE is a creation of seven emirates from this view workplace ethical issues in UAE has required to include common community issues[18], physical[19] and environmental dynamics[20], educational capacity[21], legislation framework[22], international trade-offs[23], gap between needs and demand[24], environmental threats[25] (WHO, 2007). Ethical dilemmas in UAE HRW[26] has published a comprising report between UAE and other countries where ethical issues as well as current human rights scenario[27] of UAE have analyzed. In the area of labor issues/workplace atmosphere, recent global economic turmoil has significantly influenced UAE and here radically unpaid vacation have increased for which UAE government has harshly criticized by domestic organizations. During May 2009, HRW in UAE has focused following issues (Buttle, 2010). Firstly, UAE regulations of visa sponsorship have constrained labour movements Secondly, there have no legal provision of collective bargaining and that limitation has impeded the labor right to strike during injustice Thirdly, in case of worker/employee recruitment, there have no legal boundaries for the recruitment agencies and hence they have unlawfully charged fees from the employees and enjoyed criminally advantages fully in absent of law. Finally, another criticizing factor of the government is that they have scope to take legal application to punish labors to strike against employers. Whilst this report has published, Government of the UAE has faced extreme disappointment as well as criticism. However, consequence of t his UAE government has not yet either urged apology or taken adequate legal initiatives to prevent these dilemmas. Moreover, the UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs has denoted this report as unbalanced and factually untrue. Additionally, this report has claimed that violation human right in UAE was not occurred through 2009, but it has happening for the last several years. In response to the report, UAE government has claimed that HRW have denied to endorsing minor and disable people inconsistent with the UN protocol where three new Federal HRW institutes[28] have proposed to launch in Dubai in order to make shelter for helpless women as well as children. Inn accordance with the UAE Federal provision, HRW has argued that this initiative has diffidently noble, but there have no clear direction about employee wages and salary scheme. There abundant scope for the migrant labor/employees in UAE and recent report by the HRW has significantly weakened UAE’s labour market globally thou gh high profile Federal initiatives. Finally, HRW has kept question on the transparency and accountability of UAE government. Considering all of these facts, overall response of UAE government was quite upsetting since they have left a careless speech as nothing could be absolute perfect and that might be a county’s workplace ethical issues profile†¦! Comparison of ethical dilemmas in workplace between UAE GCC Countries After learning about the current workplace ethical circumstances in UAE this part has presented a comparative, scrutinize on GCC[29]. Before a brief account of ethical issues about workplace health and safety, it is necessary to introduce GCC background. During 1981, in Saudi Arabia GCC was formed together with six members[30] to strengthen economical resources[31] of the Arabian countries in Middle East. GCC workplace health and safety scenario Common attributes of the GCC have sequentially pointed below- Firstly, all of the GCC members have adequate wo rkplace rules, regulation, and legislation in accordance with OSHA Act 1970. Among these, a number of Laws have illustrated briefly as well as have clear direction during practice and few have not. However, the similarity of the legislation procedure among GCC members is that there has sufficient scope to amendment to reach a merged form. Secondly, during trial of any immoral fact, amendment/review of the available legislation of OHS has required greater compliance. Moreover, it has enough tough for the legislation authority to proper solution and reach in the right conclusion. This circumstance has mostly faced in Kuwait among other GCC countries; Thirdly, during obligatory application of the current labor Act, it has still confused that to what extent the labor market of the GCC members would be benefited for any injury as well as injustice. Additionally, there has not also clear direction on labor injury, leave, and health benefits scheme. Finally, Common limitations of the GCC m embers have a tendency hamper to facilitate OHS benefits to the injured labors at root to upper level of an origination Consequence of the above scenario in GCC members, they have major legislation obstacles inconsistent with OHS, such as, GCC members have insufficient resources to enable legislation affairs towards the common labors, surprisingly scarcity of moral standards/principles, scarcity of expertise lawyers to handle labor injury cases, and poor coordination between injurer and employers. Labors have not yet enough concern on their individual rights at all types of organization, poor government initiatives to develop workforce, uneducated person, lack of coordination along with absent of accountability on OSH, restriction on reporting on job injury, occupational diseases as well as morality standards, imperfect policies are the main problems in this region. GCC OHS committee and evaluation forces At the first week of April 2008, GCC members have arranged a meeting in Kuwait to construct proper solution to resolve occupational accident and better workplace aids. Consequence of this meeting following are the two OHS evaluation factors. Firstly, members of the GCC individually should have a specific legislation solution during occupational accidents as well as labor health and safety. Secondly, regular inspection and performance evaluation has also been actively executed to be continued workplace ethical attributes, health, and safety. Additionally, should have scope of regular amendment. Figure 1: Proposed GCC occupational health services Source: Al-Shatti (2008, p.33) Compare the position between UAE Western Countries Workplace atmosphere in Western countries Study of the comparative workplace atmosphere between UAE and western countries[32] have evaluated several significant fundamental diverse attributes[33] in the area of workplace health and safety. Western countries have primarily focused on competitive employment. Under this comparison, western countries have a clear illustrated outline on workers mental health and it has obligatory to define various attributes of workplace mental health issues. However, there have significant differences among five countries labor market structure as well as labor market needs and demand during occupation. For example, due to global economic downturn both the UK and the USA has suffered from high unemployment ratio though over the Europe unemployment is a crucial dilemma. On the other hand, during occupation labor union structure has also primary difference among these five countries. Common factor of the five western countries have focused that over the past decade workplace mental diseases/stress has severely increased because of open global economy, tight competitive market, threat of recession and increasing living costs. Other than Germany and Finland, rest of three countries workplace health problem have recently reached at alarming stage and it has around 20%. In addition, 50%-emp loyed people of Finland have now suffered occupational diseases[34]. To overcome such dilemma, Poland and Germany have begun to study on identifying workplace dilemmas as well as reduce unemployment ratios. Currently, the UK and the USA have also under processed to examine workplace health and safety dilemmas. In this inspection, it has appraised that 40% US employees have suffered from workplace health and safety dilemmas. Finally, common scenario of these five countries have focused that most of their occupational diseases have generated by extreme workload and stress (Gabriel and Liimatainen, 2000). The Health Safety Act 2008 (UK) The new Act of workplace health and safety has an amendment form of HSWA Act 1974[35], where provisions of penalty and trial modes have revised for the primary stage of HSW and applicable only in the UK[36]. This Act has also included common people who have under threat of workplace accidents. Establishment of this Act has enlarged the scopes to resolve and reduce occupational health, safety, and diseases. Application of the Act 2008 during construction accident should require following Construction Regulations 2007 including design and management. There have three major impact of the Act 2008 those have illustrated in below (Ashurst London, 2009). According to the Act 2008, privileges of the court has included maximum two years prison for most common OHS accidents, but before amendment custodial sentence was applicable only for the serious occupational accidents. Current amendment of the HSW Act has enlarged authoritative power of the Crown as well as Magistrates Courts through compel higher fine along with custodial sentences at the end of trial for serious occupational accidents as well as most common occupational accidents. Whilst employers deny/disobey HSWA legislation, the Magistrates Courts has the authoritative power to impose maximum fine  £(5,000-20,000); As stead by the HSWA 2008 (Section-33), occurrence of diverse fo rm of offences over the UK has obligatory, to face current amended trials, and at the end activist of the offence should punish through maximum penalties in the course of either custodial sentences or fines or both. Compare the workplace environment between the UAE Asian Countries Business Ethics- Perspective of China A significant percentage of labor force of China involved with mining and minerals industry as the prime mineral resources of China is coal and iron ore, which are adequate for meeting the demand of industrial mineral. Other than these, China is the world’s fifth largest gold producer, and it has abundant resources of energy and 934.2 million tons of oil had produced by China. Considering food crisis and large population, Chinese government concentrates more on agricultural production and 46.9% of total national workforce involve in agriculture, (include forestry and fishing). However, the ethical dilemmas for business in the area of workplace health and safet y is one of the most important factors for the employees of the Chinese coal mining industry as the employers of this sector always violate the administrative rules and regulations. In addition, the employers infringe the rule of safety, but the labor has to suffer injury for their activities, the burden of proof injury is on the worker, as a result, employers become more irresponsible though they owe duty health and safety of labor and ordinary staff bare unlimited hazard to get compensation while they injured or any accident occurred. This dilemma also exist in other industrial sector in China, as a result, protection at the workplace turn into an important concern to the citizens of China, as the researchers identified that each week an average of two employees die in industrial accidents and unfortunately over 200 labors lose a limb in southern China. In 2004, there were more than 16, 497 fatalities at the workplace among them 24.8% employees worked in coal-industry, which indic ates that China has experienced huge financial growth by depending on the low cost labor force, but China failed to provide adequate protection of the employees though the workplace safety issues get importance only on theoretical perspective. Employees of Malaysian Industry The position of the workers of Malaysian Industry is much better, as OSH[37] reported that the rights of employees has protected by the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, which was passed due to development of public consciousness or awareness about workplace safety issues. However, OHS has collected data from 304 companies of different sectors and pointed out that Malaysian labors still suffer some familiar workplace health troubles like silicosis and pesticide poisoning, job linked upper limb disorders because of assembly line labor, unexpected deaths among immigrant employees, and some other mental strain. According to the report of Rahim, Abdullah, and Mahat (2010), OSH identified that more than 94.5% of the companies disclosed workplace safety information, 42% companies have control on industrial accidents, and 15.6% companies do not adopt safety standards. The Ethical Dilemmas in Workplace- Perspective of India It is interesting that India has been incorporated occupational safety and health laws for fifty years, but the government has failed to implement the objective of this law due to lack of officials and number of other barriers, for instance, there are only 1400 safety officials, about 1154 factory inspectors, and only 27 medical inspectors to cover entire India. Pandita (2010, p.1) reported that there are more than twenty six million workers who work in the industrial sector with completely no safeguards, as a result, they suffered lungs problem for silica dust, poverty epitomizes, and so on. He further addressed that the affected or injured workers know they can die any time, but they have no alternative option of livelihood though the constitution of India protected th e employees who involved in hazardous occupations by safety rules. From the above discussion, it can be said that the employees of UAE get more facilities than Indian employees get, as India has regulation, but have no practical implementation that particular law, so accidents become a regular consequence as the employers have no accountability and employees have no security in workplace. Recommendation Ethics in business is required as there is abundance of evidences of unethical corporate practices in the area of workplace health safety all over the world including the UAE; therefore, this paper would recommend some suggestions to solve these dilemmas, such as, the government should pass effective health and safety legislation especially for mining, metals, and energy sectors. However, the employers of the UAE should implement these laws in the workplace to ensure health and safely of employees, and more research on this sector would help the government to find out proper solutio n for resolving ethical dilemmas. Conclusion During this concluding phase, overall analysis of the paper has evaluated that globally, ethical dilemmas and workplace health and safety has now a considerable issue. In case of UAE, they have adequate Labor Laws, but lack of awareness due to poor educational attributes labor market of UAE have not yet enjoy proper benefits of their workplace legislation. On the other side, the western countries have under course of regular amendment of their labor and workplace legislation. However, their workplace dilemmas have mostly generated from competitive atmosphere along with severe workload and stress. Scenario of the GCC has almost similar to the UAE and have several common obstacles and complexity. At this concluding part, it has to be included that MNCs have consciously violated workplace ethics in third world countries to design high profit margin. Continuous development and proper inspection of workplace legislation would have improved cur rent dilemmas in UAE as well as GCC members. Reference List Al-Kabbi, N. S. (2001). Improving Safety Performance in Construction Site Operations in the United Arab Emirates. Retrieved from http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/AlKaabi%20Noura.pdf?osu1170790080 Al-Shatti, A. K. (2008). GCC Healthy Workplace initiatives. Retrieved from http://gis.emro.who.int/HealthSystemObservatory/Workshops/QatarConference/PPt%20converted%20to%20PDF/Day%203/PHC%20Emerging%20Priorities/Dr%20Ahmed%20Al%20Shatti%20-%20Healthy%20workplace%20intiatives.pdf Ashurst London (2009). Workplace health and safety: new law gets tough on offenders. Retrieved from ashurst.com/doc.aspx?id_Content=4157 Baeyer, C. V. (1999). What’s Workplace Ethics? Retrieved from workplaceethics.ca/work.html Andrews, W. A. (2007). Identifying, Resolving, And Managing Common Ethical Dilemmas In The Workplace: An Experiential Approach. Retrieved from http://sbaweb.wayne.edu/~absel/bkl/vol27/27ao.pdf Buttle, M. (2010). Human Righ ts Watch targets Human Rights in the UAE. Retrieved from impacttlimited.com/2010/02/01/human-rights-watch-targets-human-rights-in-the-uae/ Erven, B. L. Barrett, E. E. (1987). The Occupational Safety and Health Act Of 1970. Retrieved from http://aede.osu.edu/resources/docs/pdf/9828c8e3-735e-469e-b2d53911364864b6.pdf Gabriel, P. Liimatainen M. R. (2000). Mental health in the workplace. International Labour Organization. Retrieved from ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/dgreports/dcomm/documents/publication/dwcms_080618.pdf Gan, J. (2010). Ethical Dilemma 2 Employee Safety Issues. Retrieved from succezz.com/Articles/business-ethics-dilemma2.html Pandita, S. (2010) Status of occupational safety and health in India. Retrieved from http://infochangeindia.org/Agenda/Occupational-safety-and-health/Status-of-occupational-safety-and-health-in-India.html Rahim, A. Abdullah, Z. Mahat, Z. (2010) A Study of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Occupational Safety and Health in Malaysia. Retrieve d from scribd.com/doc/22109381/A-Study-of-Corporate-Social-Reporting-CSR-on-Occupational-Safety-and-Health-in-Malaysia Strasheim, P. (2010). HR, ethics, compliance risks fair labor practices: ethical dilemmas, an ethical safety algorithm and recommendations for a way forward. Retrieved from workinfo.com/free/downloads/169.htm WHO (2007). National Strategy for Environment and Health United Arab Emirates (UAE). Retrieved from sph.unc.edu/images/stories/units/uae/documents/uae_rfp.pdf Footnotes Human Resource Management Employee Relations Sexual harassment, verbal lashing or public humiliation Multi-National Companies Anti-social culture acts, child labor appointment, demeaning work environments or excessive working hours Occupational Safety and Health Administration Setting and enforcing standards; providing training, outreach, and education; establishing partnerships; and encouraging continual improvement complaint discrimination investigators, engineers, physicians, educators, sta ndards writers, and other technical and personnel support Site Specific Targeting Local Emphasis Programs National Emphasis Programs Enhanced Enforcement Program Occupational safety and health professionals, the academic community, lawyers, journalists, and personnel of other government entities Occupational Health and Safety Administration HIV/AIDS Separate for male and female Free from harmful air and gases Age, sex, occupation, educational status, socioeconomic status, cultural characteristics, living standards, lifestyle, services available, number of cars owned Type and number of industries, location of industries, road network, physical terrain, plantations Awareness level in the government agencies/departments, public, NGOs, media, schools Universities, research centers, agencies, departments, ministries, organizations, clubs Laws, standards, rules and regulations, policies treaties and protocols Human resources, technical capabilities and capacities, environmental burden of disease estimates, environmental risk assessment and management Risks related to air pollution (indoors and ambient); water resources, and quality; wastes (solid, hazardous, healthcare etc); rodents; radiation hazards; chemicals; recreational and marine water pollution; food quality safety; built environment including housing quality Human Rights Watch Press freedom, human trafficking, the rights of detained persons and torture The Human Rights Department (Ministry of Interior), Dubai Community Development Authority and a permanent taskforce of specialists to tackle human trafficking in Dubai Gulf Cooperation Council/Gulf Countries Council Bahrain, Kuwait, Quatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates Agriculture, industry, investment, security and trade Finland, Germany, Poland, UK, and USA Legislative, political, social and economic Stress related symptoms, such as anxiety, depressive feelings, physical pain, social exclusion and sleep disorders Health and Safety at Wo rk England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland Occupational Safety and Health

In what ways has the fashion blog changed fashion journalism Essay

In what ways has the fashion blog changed fashion journalism - Essay Example The contemporary society which is characterized by the application of information and communication technology in various economic, social and political activities has found increasing use of the internet in the communication of fashion. The advent of the internet has contributed greatly to fashion journalism as facilitated by fashion blogs and websites. This paper gives a critical analysis and discussion of fashion journalism in relation to the fashion blog and how it has transformed fashion journalism. Traditionally fashion journalism involved the presentation of fashion designs by writer and publishers in books. Magazines and newspaper were also common print forms of fashion journalism. Craik (1997) points out that with the advent of computer and their application in communication via the innovative internet application, fashion websites and blogs have become the most common media through which fashion journalism is being perpetuated and communicated to the audience. Magazines and newspapers are also significantly used in the modern fashion journalism to communicate images and messages on fashion. However the internet is the most preferred media for fashion journalism. Blood (2002) explains that fashion blogs are preferred in fashion journalism because of their effectiveness in passing information on fashion to the audience. Additionally, fashion blogs provide a means through which fashion writers and producers would reach a great audience. This is because of the nature of the in ternet in providing global reach for information on fashion. With the evolution of fashion journalism, its production has also changed significantly over the years. Independent Fashion Bloggers (2012) demonstrate that the traditional production of fashion images and messages by writer involved writing of scripts on fashion which were published through long processes of book production. The production of fashion images involved black and white images which

Africans in the Colonial Period & The Revolutionary Era Essay

Africans in the Colonial Period & The Revolutionary Era - Essay Example The Atlantic Slave Trade is defined as the selling of slaves that occurred within the countries located around the Atlantic Ocean. This was initiated by the people from Portugal and lasted for almost four hundred years. The slaves that were sold originated from Africa’s eastern and central part. These people from Africa was kidnapped and raided against the law. The slaves that were from Africa were estimated to be around ten to thirteen million throughout the time the Atlantic Slave Trade was happening. Since there was a large number of Africans being transported to the New World, most of the Africans label this as Maafa which also meant holocaust. The economic cycle which was comprised of Triangular Trade and Middle Passage also included the slaves. (Klein 103) Depending on which colony slaves lived in, the way they were treated and the work they performed varied. Slaves in southern colonies typically worked under harsh conditions, while slaves in the middle and New England colonies were fewer, had more freedom, and were treated more humanely. The New England Slave Trade was considered a success for it paved the way for the establishment of New England’s economic structure.

Estoppel in the Contract Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Estoppel in the Contract Law - Case Study Example The principle of promissory estoppel is that if someone makes a promise, which another person acts on, the promisor is estopped from going back on the promise, even though the promise does not provide consideration. This modern doctrine of promissory estoppel is based on the dicta of Denning J. In Central London Property Trust Ltd V. High Trees House Ltd ( 1949) 1 KB 130 and also on the decision of the House of Lords in Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd V. Tungsten Electric Co Ltd (1955) 1 WLR 761. This doctrine can be traced to Hughes V. Metropolitan Railway (1877) 2 APP CAS 437. The requirements of promissory estoppel are: 1. Contractual/Legal Relationship. There should be a contractual or legal relationship. 2. Promise. In addition, there should be a clear and unambiguous statement by the promisor that his strict legal rights will not be enforced, i.e. one party must make a promise which is to be binding. The Scaptrade [1983] QB 529. However, it can be implied or made by conduct as in the Hughes Case (1877). 3. Reliance. Further, there should be reliance on the part of the promisee, i.e. he should have acted on the reliance of the promise. Lord J Denning ruled that it was sufficient if the debtor acted on the promise by paying a lower sum. In this connection he also said, â€Å"he must have been led to act differently from what he otherwise would have done.† (Lord Denning, Alan Co Ltd V. El Nasr Export & Import Co (1972) 2 QB 189). 4. Inequitable to Revert. It is deemed unfair if the promisor goes back on his promise and reverts to his strict legal rights. A promise obtained by improper pressure can be broken. The sequel serves to illustrate the foregoing, D&C Builders, a small building company, had completed some work for Mrs Rees amounting to482. D&C Builders being in severe financial difficulties was continually, pressing for payment. Finally, Mrs Rees told the company that she would pay them only 300 as full settlement or else nothing. She took this stance after coming to know of the financial difficulties being envisaged by the company. The company reluctantly accepted this amount and subsequently sued Mrs Rees for the balance amount. The Court of Appeal held that the company was entitled to succeed. In his judgment, Lord Denning was of the view that it was not inequitable for the creditors to go back on their word and claim the balance as the debtor had acted inequitably by exerting improper pressure. (D & C Builders v Rees (1965) 2 QB 617). 5. Shield or Sword. In Coombe V. Coombe (1931) 2 KB 250, it was observed that this doctrine may raised for defence purposes and not as the basis of a case, in other words it can be used "as a shield and not as a sword." 6. Extinctive or Suspensive of Rights. Another question raised by this doctrine is whether; it extinguishes rights or suspends them. The concerned authorities are in favour of suspending the rights, which can be revived by giving reasonable notice or by changing conditions. In Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v Tungsten Electric Co Ltd [1955] 1 WLR 761 - Patent owners promised to suspend periodic payments of compensation due to them from manufacturers from the outbreak of war. It was held by the House of Lords that the promise was binding during the period of

Nurses Benefits On Quality Improvement Teams Nursing Essay

Nurses Benefits On Quality Improvement Teams Nursing Essay As part of a randomized control trial to improve the delivery of preventive services, the authors studied the effect on clinic nurses in the roles of team leaders or facilitators of multidisciplinary, continuous quality improvement (CQI) teams. Our goal was to learn how these nurses felt about their experience with this project, specifically their satisfaction with process improvement, acquired knowledge and skills, and the impact on their nursing role. Overall, the nurses involved in this study reported significant gains in all three areas. This study suggests that CQI can be a valuable vehicle for improving and expanding the nursing role for clinic nurses. QUALITY improvement (QI), also referred to as Continuous QI (CQI), Total Quality Management (TQM), and other terms, has undergone an explosive growth in health care over the last 10 years.1,2 This growth has been accompanied by the publication of a steadily increasing number of articles. However, review of these articles would lead one to believe that nearly all of this QI activity has occurred in hospitals and large medical organizations and, until recently, most has involved administrative processes rather than clinical ones.3-6 Very few articles have addressed smaller ambulatory care settings and almost none have described the QI role of clinic nurses or the impact of these activities on nurses. Is involvement on QI teams helpful to nurses and do the changes in care processes produced by these teams improve the ability of nurses to provide better patient care? What is the potential for QI to affect the often-restricted role of nurses in ambulatory care? Our involvement in a large scientific trial of QI as a way to create more systematic delivery of preventive services in private medical clinics has provided us with an opportunity to begin answering these questions. This involvement brought us into frequent contact with all types of clinic personnel, but particularly with the nurses who often served in leadership roles on the clinics QI teams. As we provided training or consulting with these nurses, we noted that many of them seemed to enjoy the opportunity and reported anecdotes about how it had expanded their abilities. We conducted a systematic series of interviews and a survey with the clinic nurses who were involved in the trial as leaders or facilitators of the QI teams established in these clinics for preventive services. This studys goal was to learn how these nurses felt about their experience in three areas: 1. satisfaction with the process and its results for them 2. acquisition of specific knowledge and skills 3. impact on the nursing role Back to Top BACKGROUND The trial was called IMPROVE (IMproving PRevention through Organization, Vision, and Empowerment) and it was funded by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research as a randomized controlled trial.7,8 Sponsored by two normally competing managed care plans (Blue Plus and HealthPartners), it was designed to test the hypothesis that such plans could improve the delivery of specific adult preventive services in contracted clinics by using CQI methods to develop prevention systems. Forty-four individual primary care medical clinics in the Twin Cities region of Minnesota were recruited for the trial from 33 of the 71 medical groups eligible to participate by reason of a contract with one or both plans and location within 50 miles. No financial incentives were provided to the clinics to participate other than reimbursement for the research evaluation efforts (eg, pulling charts for audits, providing patient appointment lists for sampling, etc.). The clinics ranged in size from 2 to 15 primary care clinicians (except for one residency-training clinic with 28), with an average of 8. At the time of recruitment, only an average of 19 percent of their patients were members of the two sponsoring plans. Thus, they were fairly typical of this regions clinics except perhaps in having a particularly strong interest in working on improvement of their preventive services and in learning how to use CQI. At the start of the trial in September 1994 each of the 22 clinics randomized to the intervention arm was asked to form a multidisciplinary QI team with a management sponsor and a leader and facilitator for the team. We suggested that they name a physician as leader and a nurse as facilitator but in this, as in all aspects of the trial, all decisions were up to the clinic. The IMPROVE team provided just-in-time group training to the leaders and facilitators in six sessions over seven months for a total of 26 hours. The training was focused on the specific knowledge and skills needed to use a seven-step CQI process to improve preventive services. During and after the training, IMPROVE project nurses provided periodic telephone and on-site consultation. After an 11-month training period, additional periodic opportunities were provided to network with other clinic leaders and facilitators and to obtain additional group consultations about areas of particular concern. Back to Top METHODS In June of 1996 (22 months after starting the intervention), two of the authors obtained written surveys and conducted individual interviews with each of the nurses who had served as leader or facilitator for one of the clinic teams. One nurse practitioner and two nurses who became facilitators after the completion of the training were excluded in order to provide a more homogeneous group and experience. This left 13 nurses to participate in the study, 9 of whom had served as facilitators and 4 as leaders for their teams. All agreed and signed consents, although one nurse could not find time for the interview and only completed the questionnaire. Other nurses participated as members of some teams, but we felt that the views of those with more project training and experience were especially valuable. The questionnaire was designed to assess the respondents attitudes and beliefs in each of the areas of focus for this study as well as to obtain relevant demographic information. It contained 55 close-ended questions that were developed from learning objectives for the training and a literature review of previous research on the nursing role in ambulatory care settings.9-12 Questions about skills and activities asked for a six-point Likert-scale response from none to very much choices and those asking about satisfaction and nursing roles asked for a five-point scale response from strongly agree to strongly disagree. After pretesting and revision, the questionnaire was mailed to the nurses to complete before the interview. The questionnaire is included in the Appendix. The interviews were structured to obtain qualitative data to expand on the questions in the survey. Eleven interviews were conducted in person at the clinical site and one was conducted over the telephone. Each was tape-recorded and transcribed later. Survey responses were simply summarized and reported directly for the small numbers involved. Questions that were stated negatively in order to improve response validity have been reworded for ease of comparing the answers. The interviews were analyzed for themes and for examples to illustrate questionnaire responses. Back to Top RESULTS Most of the nurses studied had already been involved in some degree of management in their clinics prior to the study. Only four were clinic nurses while two each were clinic manager, patient care manager, and nursing coordinator. The other three nurses were vice president of information services, medical services director, and health educator. Eight held positions that involved supervision of others, and an overlapping eight worked in direct patient care at least part time. As might be expected from such a group, 12 had been nurses more than 10 years and 10 had worked at their present clinics for at least 5 years. Educationally, seven nurses were registered nurses (RNs) (2 with bachelors of science in nursing, two with diplomas, and three with associate degrees) and six were licensed practical nurses (LPNs). All were female. Only four nurses reported that they had received previous formal training in CQI, although another four reported informal on-the-job training as part of a process improvement team. However, only the latter four and one additional other reported previous participation in QI. Three of these had been team leaders, one had been a facilitator, and one was a member of a team. Back to Top Satisfaction with the IMPROVE process improvement experience Table 1 suggests that, even after working on this process for 22 months, most nurses reported high levels of satisfaction associated with this experience of process improvement. That is particularly true for questions about obtaining personal value and improving patient care. Positive recognition from their clinics and greater job security are much less strongly supported. Table 1 From the interviews, several comments reinforced the written survey results concerning the opportunity to learn and grow: I was looking for the experience of a CQI project. I had done some reading on Dr. Deming on my own. I knew he was very successful and I didnt know how. This was just very fascinating to me. Learning something new was probably one of the greatest things that attracted me to this. My mind is just constantly going all the time and I really like getting involved in new things. The nurses also reported high scores in task significance. Questions included, The time spent on this process improvement has been worth it, I feel like what I am doing with my team is worthwhile, and I believe that our process improvement activities have resulted in our patients receiving better care. Comments around task significance centered largely on the perceived benefit to their clinics patients. One nurse responded to the question, What are the three most positive benefits of your involvement in process improvement? by answering: Number one is that we actually focused on those eight preventive services and that when you take a look at them they are actually going to improve somebodys life. And thats going to continue here even after were formally finished. Another repeated theme focused on participation-the opportunity provided to interact in a positive way, not only within each clinic site, but with other clinics involved in the project: Youre not in this alone, youre working with a lot of good people, and not just health professionals. We have good people like _____ who is not a health professional. She works in the business part, but I cant imagine doing this without her because they have the skills of getting the word out when youre busy with patients. So we need each other. It has been fun to be involved with other people. This has given me an awareness of not only my own clinic site, but awareness of the broader picture of health care within the Twin Cities. Back to Top Acquisition of specific knowledge and skills Overall, these nurses reported increasing a wide variety of knowledge and skills relevant to process improvement and working with people as a result of this experience. Table 2 summarizes these reported changes between self-perceived skills before and after the 22-month project. The largest improvements involved learning how to make use of data, managing change, and managing meetings. Even the eight respondents with previous training in QI reported gains, even though they had rated their previous overall QI knowledge and skills as average (3 nurses) to above average (5 nurses). Table 2 From the interviews, several themes emerged as to what the nurses perceived as skills gained from participating in process improvement. The most frequently mentioned skill was the ability to apply a model for problem solving (the seven-step model): I think really learning how to problem solve was very beneficial because we had tried to solve some situational process problems in our clinic before and it gets to a certain point where everyone complains about something and they decide to do something about it and we would set up some basic rules or policies and three or four months later no one was doing it anymore because it didnt work. There never was a lot of follow through, so I think this really gave us a good role model on how to go about problem solving in the clinic. Another frequently cited skill was the ability to effectively conduct meetings: One of the major things I learned was how to run a meeting. It is so effective and we use it so much in other meetings now. People come out of those meetings and say, This is a great way to do a meeting we get out of here on time and we get something done. Other themes cited were around skills gained in interpersonal relationships, specifically the ability to directly deal with coworkers or others on solving problems: I now am being more direct and am looking at things more from a process point of view rather than a personal point of view. Another nurse reported: Overall, now if someone is not following the standard, I approach them now by going over what the protocol is or what the process is, rather than honing in on the fact that the person may not be a good nurse. Back to Top Impact on the nursing role As illustrated in Table 3, these nurses reported that they believe QI is important for nurses and that nurses have a crucial contribution to make to QI. With a few exceptions, they believe that QI will improve the ability of nurses to control their work and many of them feel that their work on process improvement has helped them to be better nurses. However, when asked about each of nine specific areas of nursing activities (room preparation, technical activities, nursing process, telephone communications, patient advocacy, patient education, care coordination, expert practice, and quality improvement), only in QI did more than 3 of the 13 nurses report that they had experienced a significant change in the frequency with which they performed that type of activity after working on this project. Table 3 During the interviews, the nurses were asked whether they saw a role for process improvement in the nursing profession. The majority of the responses revolved around the value they perceived in being able to approach problems in a systematic way: I dont think nurses training ever gave us the skills to deliberately study something and improve it. Yet we get out and we become head nurses. It has helped the role of the nursing supervisors in dealing with their staff. It has helped them work through problems and problem solve rather than just coming to me for an answer. Many of the nurses reported that their environment was changing and that their role had changed. Because of this changing environment, they reported needing new skills and a new way of thinking: Everything is changing. We need to improve for our patients. I think the scope of nursing has changed and that the nurses need to look at the whole system, you know what goes on with the patient besides just with the hands-on things. I think it (process improvement) is a blend of how you clinically take care of somebody, but I think it kind of helps you to critically look at other things. Youre dealing with so many systems with the patient and how they move through these systems. We were never trained to deal with the system, we were only trained to deal with each patient. In the clinic setting, we need to be aware of what we are doing and why we are doing it. There is a lot of time and wasted effort. Back to Top DISCUSSION Although the sample is small, this study helps to document the generally positive feelings of ambulatory practice nurses involved in leading or facilitating their local clinic QI effort to improve the process of providing preventive services. Both their questionnaire responses and their interview comments and anecdotes suggest that they feel they benefited from their involvement with this project, despite the fact that it required a great deal of time and energy from them. Overall, they report that they were very satisfied with the experience and that it provided them with increased knowledge and skills as well as enhancements for their nursing role. In light of the reported knowledge, skill, and role enhancements, it is not surprising that these nurses would feel satisfied with their experience. Even though most of these nurses were already working at higher-level positions, nursing in ambulatory practice has traditionally been viewed as less prestigious and challenging than hospital nursing, both by nurses and by the public generally. Hackbarths study showed that ambulatory nurses reported more frequent performance of lower-level work dimensions and less frequent performance of dimensions requiring disciplinary knowledge and critical thinking, despite the growing complexity of care in ambulatory settings.12 Capell and Leggats comment that the traditional view of the nurse as one only involved in the accomplishment of tasks prescribed by others is no longer fitting in todays health care environment, does not mean that traditional role is disappearing.13(p39) Thus, anything that promises improvement in the nursing role is likely to find appeal. Counte has shown that in the hospital setting, personal participation in a TQM program was associated with higher job satisfaction.14 McLaughlin and Kaluzny feel that the new set of decision-making skills required by TQM includes not only technical skills like data management and statistical analysis, but also the ability to work well in multidisciplinary teams.15 Despite previous QI training and/or experience, all of the nurses in this project reported gains in skills, and most of these skills were gained in the areas noted above, along with change management. Another aspect of the current health care environment that lends both importance and urgency to acquiring new skills is the extreme degree of turmoil in health care, especially in the Twin Cities. As Magnan has documented for these clinics involved in the IMPROVE trial, enormous change is going on.16 Within a one-year time period during the process improvement efforts described here, 64 percent of the clinics were purchased, merged, or underwent a major shift in affiliations; 77 percent of the clinics changed at least one major internal system; and 45 percent of the clinics changed their medical director and/or their clinic manager. This turmoil may explain why so few respondents reported that the experience provided them with more job security in their current clinic (question 12 in Table 1), even though it gave them more job opportunities for the future (question 9). Clearly QI is very important to health care improvement and reform. Phoon et al.17 believe that the success of health care delivery depends on the successful integration and coexistence of QI and managed care. Moreover, they believe that nurses play a key role in this integration, although they tend to emphasize primarily nurse managers and practitioners. Spoon et al., on the other hand, use their experience with 45 CQI process improvement teams in a community hospital to highlight the potential for this experience to empower typical hospital nurses.18 They also point out the many ways nurses are essential to most of the steps in the improvement process. Corbett and Pennypacker go on to describe a process improvement effort that took place entirely within a hospital nursing department,19 although that is not particularly consistent with the interdisciplinary needs for most QI efforts. It is worth highlighting that the training in this project was very action oriented. It focused not on theory, but on the application of process improvement and team skills. For example, the trainees learned to flow chart their own clinics prevention process and to collect and analyze their own data in order to learn the root causes for the problems with that process. Role plays of meeting management skills and audits of dummy charts prepared them for applying those skills with their own clinic teams. A basic assumption governing the intervention with these trainees and their teams was that they could act their way into a new way of thinking by applying specific skills in a structured way. These new ways of thinking derive from a real understanding of work as process and include recognizing that problems are generally due to systems deficiencies rather than to individual workers. In other words, we were teaching systems thinking-what Peter Senge describes in The Fifth Discipline as the discipline for seeing wholes.20(p68) We believe that we saw this type of fundamental change in thinking in these nurses and others involved in this improvement process. Over time, the language of the group began to change and to include terms and statements that reflected systems thinking. For example, one rather taciturn physician remarked after the third training session that I never realized how many people were involved in getting the patient ready to be seen by me Aside from the knowledge and skills acquired from the training and the task, it was clear that most of these participants highly valued the opportunity to talk with others in similar environments. They liked to share frustrations as well as to learn from the efforts of peers in other situations. Most clinic personnel are surprisingly isolated, with few opportunities to attend broadening learning experiences, much less to learn first-hand how their way of doing things compares with that of others. We believe that this study and our experience with providing training and consulting for 60 clinics show that there is a great deal about the concepts and techniques of QI that appeals to nurses and other health care professionals. It appeals to both their scientific orientation and their desire to help improve things, in particular their customers-each patient. The acquisition and the application of these concepts and techniques appear to be both satisfying and broadens their views of how they can contribute to health care. Finally, it is worth noting that besides enhancing the skills and satisfaction of nurses, the QI projects in which they work are often likely to lead to role enhancements for nurses, especially those in ambulatory care settings. QI teams interested in improving prevention or other clinical areas of focus, like those we had the privilege to work with, will find that they cannot do this without expanding the role of nurses. McCarthy et al.,21 among others, have demonstrated the power of empowering clinic nurses to offer and arrange for mammography as patients are seen. The Oxford Project in England has carried this even further by creating a new profession for facilitators to help primary care practices improve their prevention activities by training practice nurses to fill an expanded role in performing health checks and facilitating practice system changes.22 Most of these external facilitators are also nurses and it is recommended that all of them have that background.23 Astrops des cription of the facilitators activities within a practice sound very similar to those of the nurses involved in this project and paper. Both this project and the literature suggest that QI concepts and techniques can be important vehicles for improvements in both patient care and in the skills, roles, and job satisfaction of nurses. This can be stimulated and assisted by managed care plans and others external to individual practice settings, but ultimately its success will depend on individual nurses, like those in this study, using their creativity and energy to make it happen. Back to Top REFERENCES 1. Berwick, D.M. Continuous Improvement as an Ideal in Health Care. New England Journal of Medicine 320, no. 1 (1989): 53-56. UvaLinker Bibliographic Links [Context Link] 2. Laffel, G., and Blumenthal, D. The Case for Using Industrial Quality Management Science in Health Care Organizations. Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 20 (1989): 2869-2873. [Context Link] 3. Barsness, Z.I., Shortell, S.M., and Gillies, R.R. National Survey of Hospital Quality Improvement Activities. Hospitals and Health Networks 67, no. 23 (1993): 52-55. UvaLinker [Context Link] 4. Shortell, S.M., OBrien, J.L., Carman, J.M., et al. 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Suburban Chanhassen Medical Center Chisago Medical Center Creekside Family Practice Douglas Drive Family Physicians Eagle Medical Fridley Medical Center Hastings Family Practice Hopkins Family Practice Interstate Medical Center Metropolitan Internists Mork Clinic, Anoka North St. Paul Medical Center Ramsey Clinic, Amery Ramsey Clinic, Baldwin River Valley Clinic, Farmington River Valley Clinic, Northfield Southdale Family Practice Stillwater Clinic United Family Medical Center Comparative Clinics Aspen Medical Group, Bloomington East Main Physicians