Identified

The Struggle life of a Mexican-American In today's society, racial profiling is not unheard of, actually it is quite common. It is still at debate whether the act of racial profiling in moral or not. In the essay â€Å"Exile. El Paso, Texas†, Saenz describes his personal experience of discrimination due to his ethnic background. Saenz is a Mexican-American and because he lives in El Paso, which is a border town, he is often mistaken for an illegal immigrant by other Americans. Throughout the essay, Saenz’s feeling about his identity as an American had changed.He feels like he is always being judged by Americans sorely on his appearances. Towards the beginning of his essay, Saenz feels like he belonged to America and he had a positive view about everything around him, special is the nature throughout his desk view. Saenz says, â€Å"I looked out my window and stared at the Juarez Mountains. Mexican purples – burning. † (p. 20). We can see that Saenz is enjo ying his desk view. He goes further in describing how he feels, â€Å"All this color, all this color, all this color beneath the shadow of the Juarez Mountains.Sunset Heights: a perfect place with a perfect name, and a perfect view of the river. † (p. 20). These colors, especially the purple, represent the beauty of El Paso for him. At this point, it is easy for Saenz to find the beauty of El Paso. But later, Saenz's feeling had changed because Saenz is stopped on the streets of his neighborhood and questioned by the border patrol officers. When she first saw him, she suspected that Saenz was not American. She asked him where he came from and later she repeated the question in Spanish because the thought Saenz could not understand English.Even thought Saenz said he was a U. S citizen, she still kept her suspicious about his identify and kept asking him some questions to make sure. Despite the rude questioning of the female border patrol officer, Saenz tried to stay friendly a nd appeasing. Afterwards, Saenz regreted the way he handled the situation saying, â€Å"I was embarrassed, ashamed because I'd been so damned compliant like a piece of tin foil in the uniformed woman's hand. † (p. 22). At the same time Saenz becomes annoyed and says to himself, â€Å"pretty soon I'll have to carry a passport in my own neighborhood. â€Å"( p. 22).Because he thinks when people stops him and starts to ask him the same questions, he would show them the passport to confirm that he is American then they cannot be mean to him. Besides, Saenz was affected by the questions of the border patrol officer and the attitudes, so he tried to do anything to get these questions out of his mind. As the result, he went for a run, he kept running until he could no longer hear â€Å" Are you sure you were born in Las Cruces? †. The next encounter, the border patrol officers still had doubt about him and they asked him some question such as: â€Å"Do you live in this nei ghborhood? , â€Å"Where down the street? † (p. 23). But in this encounter, he became more confident for his answers and with each pursuing officer Saenz becomes more aggressive. He replied they:† are you planning on making a social visit? â€Å"(p. 23). Couple months later, he was stopped again and be asked by the similar questions:† where are you from? † (p. 24). Saenz was so upset and he asked them to leave him alone. In another day, when he was in Juarez with his friend, Michael, the custom officer asked them to declare their citizenship.After they answered that they was U. S citizens, the officer kept asking Saenz about where he was born in America and did not ask Michael. In this situation, Saenz noticed that his friend did not be asked about the identity because he had blue eyes, white skin which makes him look like an American. Thus, Saenz feels like he was being discriminated against because his appearance. Saenz's total shift is completed in his f inal confrontation of the essay. In this run in with the border patrol Saenz's defiance is most blatant.Saenz is pushed past his threshold and snaps, saying to the officer, â€Å"Read me my rights, throw me in the can, or leave me alone. â€Å"(p. 26) The reader is able to view Saenz's change in attitude. Saenz feeling of annoyance turns to pure hatred. Saenz states, â€Å"He hated me as much as I hated him. â€Å"(p. 26). We can see the feeling of Saenz had changed from the beginning through the end of the essay. When the first meet up with the female border patrol officer, he did not get upset about what she acted to him and her rude questions.Nevertheless, his feeling had changed day by day because of the behavior of the officers that makes him feel like he is separated from his neighborhood. Saenz’s lifestyle has been an ongoing struggle for him because of all the harassments and discrimination he encountered in El Paso. He realized that people judged him sorely based on his appearance and treats him different than his other American friends just because he doesn’t look like an ideal American. Throughout the essay he becomes less and less aware of his identity and who he really is.

Discussion Skills in Groups

Discussion skills in groups To be human is to interact with other people, to relate to others, often in groups. In groups a whole series of dynamics occur. People will have different reasons for being in a group, will want differing things out of it, may not get on equally well with everyone in that group. Many of the groups we are in have a social purpose, meeting friends, going on holiday, working on a task. Whilst we may not think about it consciously we need a range of personal/social skills to relate well with others, to come to agreements, to achieve group goals.This is particularly the case when we have to co-operate with others in order to achieve a specific work goal. In particular this occurs when working in small discussion groups, when having to make a presentation or when involved in social, political or environmental action. This document is about what you need to know and the skills that you need to develop in order to do that well. 1. FEELING SAFE What comes up I wond er what comes up for you when you find yourself in a group? Some of the feelings will probably be: Who are these people? Will I like them? Will they like me?What if someone criticises me? Or it could be: This should be fun. I’m looking forward to this. I might learn something new here. I might make new friends. Probably it will be a mix of the two. But notice that in each case what comes up are quite strong feelings. This is normal – for everyone. The important thing is to pay attention to them, to listen to them, to see what they tell you about yourself. The affective (feeling) domain is equally as important as the cognitive (thinking) domain in social experience. Some of the feelings you will have when first in a group will be to do with safety.Does it feel OK to be here? Are these people I want to be with? If you have chosen who you are with this may partly be on the basis of how safe you feel with them, supported and respected by them. Remember other people will be having similar feelings to your own. 1 Ground rules It is difficult to work well with others in a group if you are feeling insecure, setting up a framework which helps give a sense of security to the group is thus essential. This involves agreement on what are called ‘ground rules’. Ground rules should be agreed by the group members themselves.Here are five essential ones. Speaking – only one person speaks at a time, this could be as a result of putting a hand up or agreeing to take turns to speak. Listening – it is important to really listen to what the other person is saying without interrupting them. Not judging – it is really important to listen without making judgements about the other person, this is where they are coming from, respect that. Sharing – no one person should dominate the discussion, no person should be left out, everyone should be encouraged to contribute.Voice – it’s not about saying the right thing or havi ng an answer, it’s about ‘finding your voice’, which may be just to say what you’re feeling. The group task The most important thing in a task orientated group is to reach agreement on the goal and how best to achieve it. There is always a tension between individual/group needs that has to be resolved. You may thus have to put some of your own needs aside in order to achieve the set task. This does not mean ignoring them. You might want to take it in turns at the beginning just to say how you feel about being in the group before getting down to the task.Q: Is there anything you need to do before you can be really present to what we’ve got to do? 2. DISCUSSION SKILLS Sharing feelings It often really helps the group dynamic to periodically check-in with how you are feeling about the task. You might therefore make observations such as: â€Å"I feel really excited about working together on this†; â€Å"I feel really daunted about the task we hav e to do†; â€Å"I feel nervous about having anything valuable to contribute†. Such statements don’t necessarily require an answer but they do reveal what is going on for you.Others know where you’re at and can then take this into account. Feelings are kept out in the open which, if not 2 expressed, might hinder achievement of the task. They may also often strike a chord of sympathy with others. Sharing opinions For a group to achieve its task everyone needs to contribute, this means everybody needs to share their thoughts and opinions in the group. Two things may happen at first: i) you may feel you don’t have anything to say; ii) you may be nervous about sharing your ideas with others.Firstly, whatever the topic you will have some responses to it, so spend a moment or two jotting down any questions, ideas, experiences which you feel may be relevant. Secondly, it is quite alright to be tentative about what you first say. It is often only in the proc ess of discussion that your ideas will begin to become clear. Remember to hold your certainties lightly, i. e. whilst stating your opinion about a particular issue you may still find you want to refine or alter it later. Similarly other people’s starting points may not be where they finish up. Active listeningDon’t be afraid to remind the group of the ground rules for by remembering these the group will feel a safer place in which to experiment and try out ideas. Everyone has a shared responsibility here. Active listening means really listening to what someone is saying whether you agree with them or not. It means not interrupting or spending the time thinking about your answer. It is also really helpful to check out with the speaker that you have understood correctly what they are saying. This can best be done by paraphrasing what you feel they have said and reflecting that back to them. What I heard you say was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The speaker then knows she has really been heard or can clarify any points if she needs to. When everyone feels really listened to and respected achievement of the group’s task will be much easier and more fun. 3. REACHING AGREEMENT Working co-operatively If your group is following all of these strategies – and it does take practice – you are well on the way to good co-operative working. Co-operative working involves considering different ways to set about the task and 3 agreeing on the best one. If you feel safe in the group you are less likely to mind about making compromises sometimes.Working co-operatively does not mean that everyone has to agree. You may work co-operatively and supportively to identify the main differences of opinion on an issue and to really clarify the arguments for and against different opinions. Co-operative working also means working to bring out the best in others. Difficulties and disagreements However well a group gets on there will still be difficulties and disagreements. If someone’s behaviour upsets you what should you do? First, remember the ground rules! Second, you need to share how you are feeling.There is a crucial difference between saying â€Å"You really annoy me when you play around in the group† (blaming) and â€Å"I find it difficult to focus on the task when you play around† (ownership of your own feelings). On some issues discussion may get heated and someone may need to use the ground rules to cool things down. You might say â€Å"Let’s take a few minutes out to reflect on what’s happening here. Is there a more constructive way in which we could move this forward, I wonder? † It is also fine to disagree! No one is suggesting that everyone in the group must have the same opinion on how best to do something.However, if it is a collective task, e. g. a seminar presentation, everyone will need to agree on how to share this out and work effectively together. Staying on task It always helps to stand back occasionally and watch what is going on in a group. Is someone dominating conversation, is someone staying quiet, is the group getting off task? It is always important and helpful to feed your observations back to the group. ‘Keeping on task’ can have both a narrow and a broad interpretation. You may feel that conversation is straying from the task and topic under discussion and decide to draw attention to this.You might be right, but what appears to be straying off course can sometimes lead to fruitful insights and a sharpened perception of the issue. Developing these skills will take time, you will make mistakes that you can learn from, and you will try again. Gradually you will find that working in a group is less daunting than you may have thought, that you do have something to contribute, and that ‘synergy’ begins to occur – this is when 4 the insight and output of the group begins to feel more than the sum of its individual parts. David H icks T4BW 5

Ethical theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical theories - Research Paper Example Ethical theories Deontological theory is one of the best known principles of ethics. It’s sometimes referred to as â€Å"ethic of reciprocity† (Pollock, 2010). Simply put, the theory requires that â€Å"do to others as would have them do to you.† Found in many religious doctrines it’s the best and most concise general principle of ethics. On the other hand, teleological theory is an outcome based theory. The theory states that an action is not motivated by the motive, but the end that is either good or bad (Pollock, 2010). Therefore, if an action causes a satisfactory good result, it is considered to be ethical in this theory, and the motive of such an action is considered independent of the end result. The two theories are similar in that they both advocate for ethics of value to one another with the natural morality law of advocating good for others, as one would like to be treated by others. Having the knowledge and skills in these two theories would enhance ethics of virtue and morality when dealing with others. Each action by an individual is evaluated according to the term of the utility principle (Kay, 1997). This would facilitate actions that are ethical and moral that would result to promote the greatest good for others. The professional ethical dilemma I have experienced involved lying to the manager concerning a workmate that had gone to carry out his personal business. The manager questioned his whereabouts and I had to lie that he had gone for some medical checkup, and was not in a good state to go for leave permission from the manager.

Global Marketing, Foreign Markets and Strategies for Successful Entry Assignment - 1

Global Marketing, Foreign Markets and Strategies for Successful Entry - Assignment Example When analyzed through GE Matrix, both Egypt and Russia presented markets that would be highly attractive given the medium strength of Bats Bank as a business unit. While Egypt is the holder of the proud legacy of a bygone glorious civilization, the present condition of the country is not that glorious and its main importance in world commerce and industry is in its guardianship of Suez Canal. But the positive aspect of the Egyptian economy is its stable agriculture and a large concentration of population along both sides of the Nile River that practically bisects the country. However, the high levels of public debt leave very little opportunity for Egyptian Government to invest large amounts in industry. Hence, the scope of other financiers entering the market is rather rosy. And, this is true irrespective of the current political turmoil that the nation is going through. Russia has finally been able to come out of the trauma of disintegration of the Soviet Union and its loss of global superpower status. The free market mechanism has gradually taken a firm grip on Russian economy right from the advent of Perestroika a decade and a half ago and the political and economic stability of the country presents a very attractive opportunity for doing business there. Also, there is a dearth of finance in the market and financial services companies could do very well to bridge this gap. Any company entering Russian markets must take extreme care not to violate the statutory requirements of doing business in that country as any violation of local laws usually leads to the exemplary penalty. Globalization has become the norm of today’s industry and commerce. Business entities are finding it imperative that in order to survive and prosper in this age of cutthroat competition; they must cross national boundaries and mark their presence in foreign markets (Kay 1995). Foreign markets, through a treasure trove of opportunities, also present many issues and problems that need to be solved in a novel manner as business environments in these foreign shores need not be identical to those prevailing in the mother country.

International War on Drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International War on Drugs - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the international war on drugs is a noble exercise that has been very controversial. However, the exercise has received mixed reactions and criticisms from various quotas, with some experts, on one hand, advocating that the exercise continues since it has attained tremendous objectives, while on the other hand, others argue that it has not been successful in reducing the illegal drug production, distribution, and consumption, but has only been successful in breaking ties between participating nations. In this regard, this research paper will unearth the benefits of the international war on drugs. Additionally, the paper will highlight the negative impacts of the war as well as whether the whole exercise has had adverse effects on international relationships between governments. In this paper I ask; is the international war on drugs been beneficial? Have there been economic benefits from both the illegal trade on drugs as well as the conf lict generated between participating nations? The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 was the first law in the United States that restricted the distribution and usage of certain drugs. Moreover, the United States implemented the National Prohibition Act together with the 18th Amendment in 1920. These laws prohibited the trade, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic drinks for national level consumption. Consequently, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics was established in the Department of the Treasury in 1930. In 1933, the U.S saw the federal repeal the alcohol prohibition Act. Although President Nixon coined the term War on Drugs in 1971, the United States government, still under President Nixon, had implemented drug policies under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, a continuation of drug prohibition policies that had started in 1914 in the U.S.

Strategic Planning for International Tourism (Identify a National Essay

Strategic Planning for International Tourism (Identify a National Tourism Organisation) - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the examination of the effects of strategic planning on international tourism. The case of Visit Britain, a British Tourism Organisation, is used for highlighting the effects of strategic planning on the tourism industry. Particular emphasis is given on the branding choices of Visit Britain as these choices affects the performance of the organization but also of the national economy. 2. Visit tourism – choice of branding 2.1 Branding in international tourism – theory, practical implications In the tourism industry, the context of ‘destination’ is of critical importance for the development of effective branding policies. This means that those involving in the design and development of branding strategies in the tourism industry need to understand the content of ‘destination’, as the term is used in the tourism industry. Pearce (1989) notes that in the tourism industry, destination is a term used in order to describe â₠¬Ëœan amalgam of products and services available in one location that can draw visitors from beyond its spatial confines’ (Pearce 1989 in Keller et al. 2006, p.65). Moreover, the motives that are likely to affect the choices of consumers in the tourism industry – i.e. ... Moreover, the use of effective strategic planning techniques in international tourism can lead to the increase of power of the specific industry as a contributor of the national economy, even if this fact is not always recognized by governments worldwide (Duval 2007, p.39). In accordance with Edgell et al. (2007) the international tourism industry enhances various sectors, such as’ agriculture, accommodation and brewing’ (Edgell et al. 2007, p.11). The use of theories and models, which are already tested through appropriate empirical research, could secure the effectiveness of branding policies in the international tourism industries. Two approaches are most likely to be used for evaluating brands: the ‘plus product’ approach, which considers brand as ‘an addition to the product’ (Cooper et al. 2007, p.229) and the holistic approach, which considers brand as the view of the consumer on a particular product/ service. Cooper et al. (2007) note th at it is the holistic approach on which destination marketing is mainly based. Moreover, tourism products are distinguished by the products of other industries in regards to the following characteristics: ‘intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability and perishability’ (Shostack 1977, in McCool et al. 2009, p.133). Furthermore, in the context of tourism industry, branding needs to ‘connect the customer with the destination in the present or in the future’ (Morgan et al. 2000, p.216, in Page et al. 2006, p.335). On the other hand, the development of effective branding policies in international tourism can be a challenging task mostly because of the following reasons: branding in tourism industry has many dimensions, as explained above; the identification

Marketing as an Aspect of Business Research Paper

Marketing as an Aspect of Business - Research Paper Example In addition, the marketing function of business is responsible for developing long-term growth and providing and communicating value. Marketing is a critical aspect of business because it plays a critical role in improving the success of the business. Production, as well as distribution, depends primarily on marketing. However, it is common for people to consider sales and marketing as the same thing. The two aspects are quite different; marketing encompasses business processes such as promotion, public relations and sales. At its core, marketing is the process involved in the introduction and promotion of products or services into a market. On the other hand, sales is the act of purchasing or the transaction of customers buying the business’ products or services. Since the purpose of marketing is to make a business’ products or services widely recognized to the market, marketers are required to be immensely creative throughout their marketing activities. Within the mod ern, competitive business environment, getting a company’s products noticed represents quite a challenge to marketers. In terms of marketing strategy, businesses must be more focused on customers than the products (Christensen, 1997). While good and superior quality products are critical, the customer population still has their personal preferences. Therefore, getting repeat purchases is one of the hardest parts of marketing activities. Within the modern, competitive business environment, getting a company’s products noticed represents quite a challenge to marketers.... At its core, marketing is the process involved in the introduction and promotion of products or services into a market. On the other hand, sales is the act of purchasing or the transaction of customers buying the business’ products or services. Since the purpose of marketing is to make a business’ products or services widely recognized to the market, marketers are required to be immensely creative throughout their marketing activities. Within the modern, competitive business environment, getting a company’s products noticed represents quite a challenge to marketers. In terms of marketing strategy, businesses must be more focused on customers than the products (Christensen, 1997). While good and superior quality products are critical, the customer population still has their personal preferences. Therefore, getting repeat purchases is one of the hardest parts of marketing activities. Organizations use various forms of marketing approaches; however, all forms of mar keting aim at promoting product awareness to the entire market. Both online and offline marketing activities make it possible for a business to educate the market on its various products and services, which they can purchase. In addition to creating public awareness of a business’ products and services, marketing boosts a company’s sales, as well as revenue growth (Chernev & Kotler, 2009). Marketing is also important in building a company’s reputation; in order to be successful in the market, marketers typically aim at creating brand name recognition. This entails the technique through which consumers can easily associate the brand name with the logo, images or captions they either see or

Lifeline Community Fellowship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lifeline Community Fellowship - Assignment Example The church leadership comprises of one senior pastor and three associate pastors †¢ The church ministry is classified into six categories namely: children ministry, youth ministry, young adult ministry, men group, women group, and married couples. †¢ The church has partnered with a number of organizations to spread the gospel as well as provide humanitarian assistance to the needy. Some of these organizations include Outreach to the world, Angels Forgotten, and Global Health Partnership. †¢ Most of the church staffs are volunteers who serve as guest ushers, instrumentalists and cleaners. Other staff members in the church payroll include ministry leaders, security personnel, and accountants. †¢ The church primary source of funds is from members’ contributions, tithes, and donations. Most of these funds are used to support the church internal operations such payment of the staff. †¢ The church also finance their missionaries sent to spread the gospel in other parts of the world such as Haiti, Philippines, Mexico, India, Nicaragua, and El Salvador (Lifeline Community Fellowship). †¢ Lifeline Community Fellowship assets include cars, property, and other assets held by the church’s humanitarian foundations.

Emerging Business Themes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Emerging Business Themes - Essay Example However, the brand has taken on some decay with evidence of human rights violations being committed in the factories that are supplying the product There is some evidence that these violations have occurred without Nike having created any attempts towards improvements on their own in order to increase their profits. While Nike promotes its goods under the brand mythology of good health, environmental awareness, and a sense of a social conscious, there has been a significant number of reports of human rights violations that violate these representations. The Nike corporate website has a great amount of detailed information regarding codes of operation and codes of ethics that create an image of corporate and social responsibility. The following code of ethics is on the website, creating a specific structure in which social responsibility is promoted. Our code of ethics for employees is called Inside the Lines; it defines the standards of conduct we expect of all our employees. Every y ear, employees are required to verify that they have read and understand Inside the Lines. We operate a global toll-free Alertline for employees to report in confidence any suspected violations of the law or our code of ethics. Any reported concerns around accounting, auditing or internal control are communicated to the Audit Committee of the Board. We expect our suppliers to share our standards and to operate in a legal and ethical manner. While Inside the Lines covers the behavior of Nike employees, our Nike Code of Conduct covers contractors who manufacture Nike-branded products. It directs them to respect the rights of their employees, and to provide them with a safe and healthy work environment.2 The framework that is provided by this code allows for a revelation about the intentions of the company to emerge, which is then countered by the actions that the company has made. As the company has taken advantage of the global marketing opportunities, it has also taken advantage of the lesser regulatory practices in labour, thus putting the company into a paradox against its own branding. While there have been a great many advances in Nike towards behaviours that are more socially responsible, the company still has the shadow of irresponsibility on a global level, thus creating a taint on the brand. Sustainability There are a great many ways in which the word sustainability can be used towards creating socially responsible organizations. Environmental sustainability is one of the most ways in which sustainability can be defined. As well, social responsibility in the way in which employees are treated, the issues of human rights made a priority within an organization, is another way in which sustainability is achieved. According to Bitsch, â€Å"Social sustainability is typically broadly defined to include human rights and social injustice, corporate governance, and labour rights and treatment†.3 Furthermore, a business is responsible to keep up on the l atest interpretations of human rights and to adhere to keeping safe and secure those workers who are under their management.4 Nike has had serious issues regarding violations of human rights issues and more so concerning violating the spirit of correcting those issues. In Bulgarian factories, when serious human rights

Team member encouragement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team member encouragement - Research Paper Example The two members do not consider handing their reports to me as a matter of priority. Nevertheless, I have a strategy to encourage these team members to contribute to the project on time. It is essential for me to acquire team management skills, conflict resolution, and negotiation skills as a project manager (University of Technology Sydney, 2006). As a result, I seek to attend various workshops, seminars, and training sessions as a well continue practicing such skills with an aim of handling the team members in an effective manner. Specifically, for the sake of streamlining reporting, I will ensure that I negotiate and establish a reporting system with the sponsors and stakeholders at the beginning and throughout the project (University of Technology Sydney, 2006). Nevertheless, I will make sure that the reporting system is flexible and its content and frequency varies through the project running time. This will ensure that all the team members find it relevant and necessary to subm it their weekly reports to the right person and at the right time. I will involve the views of all stakeholders while formulating the reporting system to ensure that the team members value the reporting system and understand the reporting authority structure. Notably, team-involvement in planning a project remains the most important idea that project managers should consider (Spellman, 2011). In my context, this will help me to establish stepwise techniques that will foster the creation, development, and evaluation of relevant project management tools (Portny et al, 2007). This will derive substantial knowledge that will enable me to encourage and deal with the team members without jeopardizing the motivation and performance of the large multidisciplinary product testing team that I manage. At the same time, I will seek to build a strong project team delegation with a view of increasing the probability for a successful performance. To achieve this, I will determine and define the de legated duties, select the right personnel, determine the time of completion, and state the expected outcomes. This will encourage the team members to develop a sense of involvement and make significant and timely contributions to the project. To this effect, I will equally monitor performance by setting up strategic checkpoints to monitor performance that will encourage constant reporting, high performance, and completion of the project according to schedule (Portny et al, 2007). I will equally seek to establish project teams with a high sense of accountability and responsibility to foster timely reporting and successful completion of the project. Consequently, I will develop the project procedures that will promote effective relations among the team members. Moreover, I will define and establish the roles, identities, processes, and practices that will enable the team members to achieve individual and team goals within the stipulated time (Russell, 2011). Notably, team members val ue projects that will enhance their chances of achieving significant professional and personal goals. As such, I will explain the dynamics, sponsors, results, and possible effects of the project on the organization and to the individual members (Portny et al, 2

Speed Quality in Apparent Motion Essay Example for Free

Speed Quality in Apparent Motion Essay ABSTRACT Seven participants each viewed two flipbooks of slow and fast speeds of hand-drawn dots and stick figures. By counterbalancing the conditions, each participant watched the flipbooks according to the sequential order. After viewing either the slow or fast flipbooks, a questionnaire was used to collect and calculate raw data of the experience; which concerned realness, enjoy ability, smoothness, and speed quality. Hypothesizing how speed affects the quality of a flipbook supports Gestalt’s theory and dynamic case of apparent motion perceived. However, contradicting and compromising with the low-speed assumption and case first reported by Wallach. Introduction A popular and thorough explanation for brain and visual functioning, perception, and sensation is known as ‘Gestalt Theory.’ Gestalt theory explains that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Individual parts alone cannot conclude to be as great or effective as the whole entirely. This is important to recognize because a better understanding of why and how the world is viewed as a whole picture can be related to real world instances. Such as in motion pictures and in flipbooks, which helps to differentiate between perceiving apparent motion and actual, real motion. For instance, we involuntarily blink our eyes everyday, and although this is an action of real motion, apparent motion plays its part by filling in the blanks of blackness or darkness when blinking occurs. Furthermore, the theory then can translate to: the whole experience of sensation and perception is greater than the sum of individual parts of sensation and perception. The theories of Gestalt help to explain extraordinary circumstances and phenomena’s of perception that are experienced in life, whether that may be visual or auditory illusions as well. In particular,  apparent motion is a more specific area of study in Gestalt theory which touches upon this psychological and perceptual experience. Apparent motion previously studied suggests that it â€Å"may result when stationary stimuli are presented sequentially to different retinal locations. Apparent motion is inferred from information about change in position. (Green, 1983).†The successive presentation elicits an impression of motion (Sato, 1989).† â€Å"The perception of motion depends on the integration of visual information over space and time.(Snowden, 1990).† This information subsequently leads to the research question to pursue of: does speed effect the quality of apparent motion perceived in a flipbook? It may seem like a simple question to ask, but also factoring in a questionnaire, participant feelings, two flipbooks of with two speed settings of slow and fast, and different colored pages can lead to possible, unsuspecting findings about the phenomena of apparent motion; which has mostly been individually considered in previous studies. There has been many studies on dot patterns, biological factors, vision, sound perception, and real motion in relation to apparent motion. So, this experiment is quite different than the usual, although it may be as simple as using a flipbook and participants. However, previous studies helped strengthen the answers of the research question and hypothesis. Therefore, supporting studies reported by Gepshstein and Kubovy (2007) suggest that: for every speed, there â€Å"exists a condition for which contrast sensitivity is maximal.† They also found results that determined speed concludes the regime of motion; which can strengthen the hypothesis of speed effecting apparent motion being perceived. Method Participants. Seven participants from Connecticut participated in an independent research project concerning a class of psychological sensation and perception. There were four males and three females who had normal to corrected vision. Participants ranged from 21 to 52 years of age. Materials. Two hand drawn flipbooks were created by using bamboo paper and binder clips. A Likert rating scale was used as the method of answering questions. Design and Analysis. The experiment was a 2 (sequence: flipbook A and flipbook B or flipbook B and flipbook A) X 2(speed: fast or slow) design with four questions manipulated between subjects. There were two  independent variables in this study, which were the flipbooks and the questions. The flipbooks had two levels of fast and slow; the fast flipbook (A) consisted of all the same colored paper and an image of a ball in different locations on the ascending pages. The slow flipbook (B) had different colored pages of paper on every other page, on every other page there was not any image drawn on it. This flipbook had a drawing of a stick figure walking and bumping into a wall. The dependent variable was the effect of speed quality through the obtained scores from participants from the questionnaire. Since there were not many participants available for this experiment, it was necessary to counterbalance the conditions. The first participant seen the fast flipbook first, then took the Likert scale questionnaire; secondly, the slow flipbook was shown to the first participant afterwards and then answering the questionnaire. The second participant was shown the slow flipbook first, then took the questionnaire, following that the fast flipbook was shown second and then the questionnaire was answered. The questionnaire was made up of four questions. This would continuously go on from participant to participant until the last, seventh participant. From these factors, a two-way, within-subjects ANOVA of within-subjects was the design Procedure Participants were seated at a table and were informed that they would be participating in an experiment and to answer all questions honestly. Then, the first flipbook was presented to the participant by the experimenter whom operated both of the flip books which accurately set the speeds. This happened continuously until the last participant. There were two trials of this experiment, which consisted of showing a fast flipbook (A) and slow flipbook (B). Upon completion of watching each flipbook, participants were questioned about their experience by using the Likert Scale rating. The responses were collected and recorded in Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS 20. The experiment lasted about 35 minutes. Results The main effect of flipbook responses for flipbook A (fast) had a mean of M=3.36. The responses for flipbook B (slow) had a mean of M=2.14 (see table 1 and figure 1). A two-way, within-subjects ANOVA illustrated that the  difference between the mean of flip book A and flipbook B was statistically significant; F(1,6)=12.892, p0.05. The error bars represent the standard error of means (SEM) and flipbook A SEM=0.31 and flipbook B SEM=0.51.The main effect of flipbook was significant due to speed manipulation. Flipbook A had the highest score of the two, which made it the fastest and flipbook B the slowest. The main effect of questions (see table 2 and figure 2) response for question 1 had a mean of M=2.43. Question 2 had a mean of M=2.57, question 3 had a mean of M=2.07, and question 4 had a mean of M=3.93. Based on a two-way, within-subjects ANOVA, the results showed the questions were a statistically significant factor of the experiment; F(3,18)=3.627, p0.05. However, the questions as well differed irrespective of speed quality (Q4A/B). This showed the differences among the four question conditions were impactful in determining other factors such as animation realness (Q1A/B), enjoyment (Q2A/B), and smoothness (Q3A/B). | Table 2: main effect of questions| | | | Q1 Mean| Q2 Mean| Q3 Mean| Q4 Mean| Mean| 2.43| 2.57| 2.07| 3.93| SD| 2.31| 1.87| 2.27| 2.13| SEM| 0.62| 0.50| 0.61| 0.57| The interaction effect between the flipbooks (shown in figure below) and the questions showed that in flipbook A the mean values for the questions were as the following: Question 1 mean M=2.57, question 2 mean M=1.71, question 3 mean M=4.14, question 4 mean M=5.00. In flipbook B the mean values for are as follows: Question 1 mean M=2.29, question 2 mean M=3.43, question 3 mean M=0.00, and question 4 mean M=2.86. This shows that the interaction between the flipbooks and questions were highly significant and falls on a boundary as reported by the two-way, within-subjects ANOVA; F(3,18)=8.144, p=0.001. However, the questions differed irrespective of the speed. The questions received different scores, however not too different to make it insignificant. It had nothing to do with the speed manipulation; rather it showed the differences among the four question conditions were impactful in determining other factors such as realness (Q1A/B), enjoyment (Q2A/B), and smoothness (Q3A/B). Q1 asked about the realness of the animations and they were perceived as real regarding both. The scores show that flipbook A was a little more real than flipbook B by a 0.28 difference of interaction. Q2 asked about the enjoyment of the flipbook and showed that flipbook B was more enjoyable than flipbook A by a 1.72 difference of interaction. Q3 showed that flipbook A was most smooth than flipbook B, and that flipbook B had no perceived smoothness. Q4 showed that speed mattered and affected the quality most in flipbook A, and flipbook B had the slowest speed of the two. The impact of experimental manipulation has shown to be significant between the two independent variables of flipbooks and questions. Discussion The hypothesis in question was to discover if speed affects the quality of apparent motion perceived in a flipbook through research and experimentation. Results indicate that the hypothesis was supported because speed did matter according to the findings. Gepshtein Kubovy (2007) indicated that motion was not always seen along the slower path. It was interesting to find out that the slower flipbook was determined to be most enjoyable in this experiment when interactions were looked at (see figure 3). In Gepshtein Kubovy’s study, they challenged Wallach’s previous study about low-speed assumption, which viewed low speed as prevailing when in competition with faster speeds. However, the results of their existing theory and experiments that challenged Wallach’s found that the ratio of two speeds were always less than unified. Which means motion was not always seen along the slower path. These results may be different because of altering procedures between the two studies, but the most current  research conducted by them indicates what is most rationale when deterring speed effectiveness. In flipbook B, every other page was a different color. The pages that had different colors also did not have any drawings or images on them This was a technique used to find out more through speed manipulation. In a previous study, Giaschi and Anstis (1989) reported that â€Å"apparent motion created by two spots illuminated in alternation looks faster when there is a dark temporal interval between the offset of one spot and the onset of the other than when spots are presented immediately after one another, even though the temporal frequency and spatial seperation spots are held constant.† This helped to support the added feature of flipbook B, which had alternating, darker colored pages. This can be a potential reason as to why the flipbook was most enjoyable than the fast flipbook A; this finding can be a contributing factor for the real world because it can often be assumed that if things move fast (er), then it is better or more enjoyable. On the contrary, it can be more desirable for things to be slowed down, even if by a few seconds, so to give an audience more time to process and comprehend what is happening. It can also aid in exposing people to pay more attention to detail and to be more particular in such a fast paced society. Although slow motion may often be seen as less effective, this does not mean it is less important. Gephstein Kubovy’s study contrasted with Wallach’s theory, but Wallach’s findings occurred between the 1930’s and 1970’s, so in more earlier and previous times his participants may have been more accustomed to slower occurrences; compared to the 21st century’s faster moving conditions. Although the hypothesis was supported by the findings and other scholarly studies, it can as well be assumed that the results could be better and stronger if there were not any major limitations of the experiment. Limitations such as not having a not having the desired facilities and equipment; for instance, in a laboratory designated only for participants or equipment such as MRI machines to factor in brain functioning and perception. It would have also been nice to have more time to conduct this study over months or even years. The use of mathematical equations and  theories might have been important. Being able to have a wide range of participants would be of importance so to look at education level, gender, race, and age to see if those factors bring about any disadvantages, advantages, patterns and/or similarities. Having multiple speeds would have been interesting to add into the experiment. Taking into consideration the amount of pages and certain colors which could effect perception further. Lastly, having considered the son and mother used in the experiment would be interesting to learn if there is some sort of similarities and/or differences between parents and their children. In the future these can be improved so to come across more findings, unsuspecting conditions and/or disregarding current information for a more updated viewpoint. The experiment may have been effected by error, such as by participant misunderstanding or misleading answers that may have been more desirable than another. It may have been an error to counterbalance conditions and control the experiment in that way by manipulating speed and sequence of the flipbooks. There was not much mathematics involved so there were no errors of numbers and data, but the procedure as mentioned potentially could have been. Cumulatively, Gestalt’s theory ties all of this information in to help better understand why we perceive the way we do and how we perceive this, as mentioned in the Introduction. When we see the world as one entire picture rather than one individual part, it assists in humans having an overall pleasurable experience when viewing, perceiving, and sensing the world. Apparent motion strengthens our abilities to think fast and fill in all of the blanks necessary to cumulatively understand any myriad of circumstances. As mentioned in the Introduction, blinking can fill in the blanks that our visual system processes in order to elude an illusionary, motion picture so to view the world as a whole, and not by just parts. This is a concept important to understand and cherish when applied to daily lives because it can help to be appreciative that we view the world so concisely and promptly, when in reality it is not as fast paced as assumed. Concerning flipbook B (slow), it could be advantageous to notice individual parts leading to better comprehension, when noticing entireties. All in all,  there are interrelated factors which tie speed, space, time, apparent motion, real motion, perception, and sensation into many theories of Gestalt. One without the other would not be as effective as when all used wholly. References 1. Gepshtein, S., Kubovy, M. (2007). The lawful perception of apparent motion. Journal of Vision, 7(8), 1-15. 2. Giaschi, D., Anstis, S. (1989). The less you see it, the faster it moves: Shortening the â€Å"on-time† speeds up apparent motion, Vision Research, Volume 29, Issue 3. 3. Green, Marc. Inhibition and facilitation of apparent motion by real motion, Vision Research, Volume 23, Issue 9, 1983, Pages 861-865. 4. Sato, Takao. Reversed apparent motion with random dot patterns, Vision Research, Volume 29, Issue 12, 1989, Pages 1749-1758, ISSN 0042-6989, 10.1016/0042-6989(89)90157-0. 5. Snowden, R. J., Braddick, O., J. (1990) Differences in the processing of short-range apparent motion at small and large displacements, Vision Research, 1211-1222. Volume 30, Issue 8.

Explain The Concept Of Elasticity Of Demand Economics Essay

Explain The Concept Of Elasticity Of Demand Economics Essay There are generally three types of elasticity of demand, which are price, cross-price and income elasticity of demand. These three will be explained individually in order in the following paragraphs. Price elasticity of demand is a measure of the responsiveness of change in quantity demanded of a good/service to a change in price, ceteris paribus. As the law of demand indicates, when the price of a good/service increases, the demand of it will decrease. Conversely, when the price of a product decreases, the demand of the product will increase. However, the extent to which a price change impacts the demand differs widely from produce to product. PED=(change in quantity demanded)/(change in price). If this value is bigger than one, the product is said to be price elastic (price sensitive), whereby a change in price will lead to a greater than proportionate change in quantity demanded. If the PED is smaller than one, the product will be price inelastic (price insensitive), where a percentage change in price will lead to a smaller percentage change in quantity demanded. And when PED=1, the product is unit elastic, where an X% change in price will result in an X% change in quantity de manded. One of the factors that affect the PED is the substitutes and complementary product that a good/service has. And cross-price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of demand for good X following a change in the price of a related good Y. For complementary goods, the two goods are in joint demand. That is, the relationship between the price of good Y and quantity demanded for good X will look like a normal demand curve. Goods in joint demand are closely related, and the stronger the relationship between two products, the higher cross-price elasticity of demand will be. A good example would be games and game consoles, as one cannot function without another. And as the price of one increase, the quantity demanded for the complementary good will decrease like any other normal goods due to joint demand, and vice versa. On the otehr hand, with substitute goods such as several competing brands of bread, an increase in the price of one good will lead to an increase in demand for the rival product, as consumers will likely switch to the cheaper product. And conversely a decrease in price of one good will lead to a decrease in demand for the rival product. However when consumers become regular purchasers of a product (effect o f brand loyalty), the cross price elasticity of demand against rival products will decrease. This reduces the substitution effect that causes consumers to swicth to another product when an increase in price occurs, which makes demand less sensitive to price. The result is that firms will potentially be able to charge a higher price, increase total revenue and achieve higher profits. Lastly theres the income elasticity of demand. Another factor that can affect PED would be the price of a good relative to a proportion of ones disposable income; so as ones income changes, the price of the good in terms of a percentage of ones income will change, thus affecting quantity demanded. Income elasticity of demand measures the relationship between a change in quantity demanded for a good and a change in real income.   The income elasticity is calculated by (% change in demand)/(% change in income). For normal goods, as consumers income rises, the quantity demanded will rise. Necessities such as food will have a Income Elasticity of Demand smaller than 1 (whereby a change in income will bring about a less than proportionate change in quantity demanded) and luxury goods such as TV sets will have a Income Elasticty of Demand bigger than 1 (whereby a change in income will bring about a more than proportionate change in quantity demanded). However for inferior goods as consum ers income rises quantity demanded will decrease. Potential examples of inferior goods (this occurs only when there are superior goods available, and only if consumers can afford them) include the demand for low-price foods, cigarettes and alcohol. Discuss why it may be important for a firm to have knowledge of price elasticity of demand: The concept of PED generally help firms decide whether to raise or drop the price of their product in order to maximize revenue. For example, when the PED of a good is inelastic, it would be best to increase the price to maximize revenue; and when the PED is elastic, itd be best to decrease the price to maximize revenue. However this is only a general idea, and simple PED does not take into account of the firms costs, rivalry/substitute goods, etc. The graphs belows shows the effect on revenue with a change in price for price elastic and price inelastic goods respectively. However, firms need to know their products PED in order to alter prices; but how would they know a products PED? Thats when knowledge of PED is needed. Firms would first need to know some factors that may affect PED, and then use that information to evaluate the approxiamte PED of a product. For example, a firm can estimate PED for a product depending on the number of substitutes that exist in the market. The more substitutes in the market, the more elasticthe demand for a product is, because consumers can more easily switch their demand if price of one particular product changes. Firms can also assume the PED of a product by having an idea about the degree of necessity of that particular good/service. Products such as food (bread, rice), or even habitual products such as cigarretes are necessities and tend to have an inelastic demand whereas luxury goods such as TVs will tend to have a much more elastic demand because consumers can make do without these luxuries when their budgets a re limited. Lastly, the firm need to know how cheap their product in terms of a proportion of the consumers income. Goods and services that take up a small proportion of a households income will tend to have an inelastic demand, as a price% rise in that product will make almost no difference for consumers. For example if a newspapers price increased from $1.00 to $1.10, very little people will fuss over this 10% (seemingly large percentage increase) increase in price because it is so insignificant compared to their income, and thus its demand is insentive to price change. So in short, producers need to have sufficient knowledge of PED to determine the PED of their product, which will in turn help them to set prices that can potentially maximize their revenue. Furthermore, PED may help firms to set their policy on price discrimination. The firms will most likely be monopoly suppliers, and may decides to charge different prices for the same product to different segments of the market. Examples of this can be increase in price for peak-hour public transportation, more charge for hotel rooms during public holidays, because the products/services during those time periods have an inelastic demand; or vice versa, firms may decrease the price when the product/service is price elastic, such as unsold plane tickets the week before flight, or out-of-season clothes that wont sell in a clothing store. This concept can actually also be linked back to basic knowledge of the PED, because the time period at which the product is sold is also a factor that can determine the PED of a product. More specifically, concept and knowledge of PED can be applied in some tricky situations: for example, when government imposes indirect taxes on certian products that one firm produces. In this situation, knowing how price elastic the demand of the product is will help the firm to decided whether it is able to pass on the tax (or some of it) onto the consumers. If its goods like cigarretes which has an inelastic PED due to its habitual nature, its likely that firms may decide to pass the tax onto consumers as it will result in only a small decrease in quantity demanded. On the other hand, if its a luxury good such as cars, the firm may decide to not pass any of the tax onto consumers due to the the products elastic demand, because an increase in price can potentially decrease total revenue for a price elastic good, as shown in diagram before. In conclusion, knowldge of PED is very important becaue firms need it in order to determine the PED of products, which then in turn help them to estimate and predict the effect of a change in price on the total revenue.

Byzantine Influences on Islamic Architecture

Byzantine Influences on Islamic Architecture Introduction The current definition of globalization incorporates the significant idealism that one’s culture supersedes that of another, regardless of any potential beneficial amalgamation. Throughout history, the idea of conquer, and more directly, the annihilation of governmental bodies and social stratification has led to the exponential growth of social resources. It is therefore, through the inclusion these alternate, yet significant diversities that growth has been most efficiently affected. One significant assimilation was that of the Byzantine architecture into the future construction of Islamic magnates. While the disintegration of Byzantine society cannot be entirely accredited to the work of the Islamic forces, it is through constant attempts at occupation and tireless warfare, coupled with the foresight of Islamic leadership to reintegrate many of the highly effective design maxims into their architecture, that the structures that remain today occupy such religious indemnifica tion among followers. Truly, the Byzantine influence in not only early, but modern Islamic architecture has shaped not only the ceiling of religious piety, but the ideology of a charismatic and well-preserved religious force. Byzantine Architecture The Byzantine Empire itself may easily be defined as a cultural melting pot, or more definitively, the globalized integration of religious and cultural views, centralized around one spectacular city: Constantinople. It is through the re-integration of revitalized world views that throughout the rein of this Empire, substantial cultural and societal gains were enacted. These gains include the remarkable architectural advances which greatly influenced the future surrounding areas and reverent incorporation of byzantine architectural masterpieces into their framework. Not to be excluded, the Roman and Greek influences within Byzantine architecture engineered significant structures, so inspiring and well defined that they would become structural affecters even to this day. Most notably, the advances towards structural engineering as well as iconography would influence religious societies for many future generations. The definitive Byzantine structure may be characterized by a uniquely architectured high dome, including theological depictions ornately carved which often represented the religious icons of the era. The re-definition of the church foundation which occurred during this timeframe eliminated the reliance on a boxed structure with four walls and incorporated structurally definitive six to eight cornered buildings which would also serve to support the dome itself. Additionally, and especially integral to future Islamic interpretation, the use of Corinthinan capitals, or remaining Roman text carved into stone and placed within the structure of the building for aesthetic purposes, would determine future scriptural formations and lettering on the outside of mosques and buildings. While the Byzantine’s themselves were primarily Christian, and especially during the first ruler’s reign, persecuted non-christian residents, often to the death, the influence that their architecture, as well as their cultural devotion would have on future Islamic nations is highly visible in many of their structures. Timely in it’s historical prescedence, the life of Mohammed would drastically influence this empire, as Muslim forces gained strength and began to attack southern Byzantine territories. â€Å"Byzantine energies focused almost entirely to the east and to the south. The western countries, the Europe that Byzantium at one time looked to for their identity and history, began to steadily fade from their horizon.†[1] In spite of the Islamic forces, Byzantine architecture represents the preservation of Roman influence which continues to affect building design to this day. Islamic Interpretation The integration of Byzantine architecture into Islamic religious structures continues to affect modern building design in this region of the world. One of the similarities between the Byzantine (Christian Majority) and Islamic societies was the lack of iconographic interpretations. Both religions severely preached the elimination of religions depictions through idolatry or stone iconography. In this format, the singular representation of religious devotion would come form the incorporation of religious words and text that would line the walls or pillars in this mosque. Additionally, the minimization of exterior flourish would encourage entrance into the spiritual dwelling. The influence of this technique of exterior minimalization, while re-defined interior actualization would greatly affect modern construction. â€Å"The multitude of decorative treatments of surfaces in Islamic architecture, the use of almost every conceivable technique and the development of a rich repertory of de signs from geometric to abstract shapes to full-scale floral patterns, from minutely executed inscriptions in a full variety of calligraphic styles to the monumental single words that serve as both religious images and decoration is without parallel in the architecture of the non-Muslim world.†[2] Reverence beneath ornately decorated structures would encourage religious piety, and incorporate the devotion of the follower through his affectation from the surrounding architecture. Further notable incorporations of Byzantine architecture include the utilization of mosaic forms, the amalgamation of colorful tile or stone to represent an image with religious significance, the high dome structure supported by multiple pillars or bases, and an extensive palate pastel and complementary colors which would flood the interior of the structure itself. In spite of the mediated exterior flair, the re-introduction of color and style into the interior of the structures themselves can be much attributed to Byzantium influence. Utilizing marble and mosaic, coupled with centuries of preservation, the Mosque of Damascus was effectively created as a second Mecca, or identified within the Islamic religion as a powerful venue of absolute worship. The unique history of this structure incorporates the identification with the Byzantine ruling religion, as â€Å"after the Islamic conquest of Damascus in 661, during the reign of the first Umayyad caliph Muawiya Ibn Abi Sufyan, the Muslims shared the church with the Christians. The Muslims prayed in the eastern section of the ancient temple structure and the Christians in the western side.†[3] The Byzantines, a predominately Christian society, were willing to share this area of significance with the Islamic followers due to the highly divine identification which was incumbent within the location to both cultures. This diversification of venue, paired with the influence of Byzantine architects, led the caliph to construct a building which has endured calamity wh ile edifying the necessity of piety through the ornate calligraphical representations and integration of inspiring color and mosaic. Additionally, the multiple pillared structure, as well as many arches and octagonal foundation clearly represents significant influence from the Byzantine era to the Islamic interpretation. Articles from the Koran have been requisitioned to the support structures of the domed ceiling as devotees may kneel and raise their eyes to remember the sacred text above them. There is a distinct lack of man or animalistic influence, as the iconography is specifically relegated to the religious features non-idolatrated. Finally, the amazing mosaic which surrounds the entire building, coupled with the engraved marble offers direct insight into the influence of Byzantine predecessors. Example 2: Dome of the Rock Currently, one of the most important structures in Islamic religion, the Dome of the Rock, represents a venue of extreme importance and, venerated by the Muslims, it is where the prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven.†[4] This simple belief has served as an instrumental catapult for many different wars and battles which evolved around the structure and location of the site. Essentially, this is a monumental domed structure created by Abdul Malik ibn Marwan in approximately 685 AD. The Byzantine influence may be immediately recognized through the multiple arches, the pillars inscribed with Koranic text, and the mosaic colorization which highlights both the exterior and interior of this remarkable structure. Additionally, the layout featuring extensive foundation and lack of religious iconography represents the direct Roman influence on the Byzantine architects. In fact, this structure continues to be represented, not as an Islamic specific creation, but as a mimic to a most remark able work in Syria known as the Cathedral of Bosra, created during a time of Roman rule.[5] And, as previously identified, it was through Roman integration and inspiration that the transcendence of architecture framed the Byzantine empire. Conclusion Easily identified through didactic calligraphy, spectacular mosaic, and highly inspirational domed structures, the Islamic identification with Byzantine influence has offered society a unique example of cultural assimilation without full scale disintegration. Representatively, the Roman influence throughout the globe has offered some of the most remarkable architectural features, including dam and aqueduct construction, in addition to modern buildings and bridges. Through tri-cultural amalgamation, the Islamic Caliphs were able to integrate the most effective traits of this Byzantine interpretation and redirect those features into their own religious facilities. The bright colored, highly regimented structures remain today as a reminder of necessitated devotion for followers; they are the essential proponents of spiritual migration, and the constant belligerent behavior surrounding their maintenance offers unique perspective into a cultural clash regarding the choice of architectural foundation. The beauty and multi-cultural integration of these structures and architecture, however, is ultimately essential to preserve, as the historical implications of pre-capitalist globalization offers direct insight into the highly devout nature of mankind’s spiritual and cultural plight, the effect of which has far reaching determinations into the future. References http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7161 http://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Yasdn=historymedrencdn=educationtm=27gps=115_456_1436_699f=00tt=14bt=1bts=1zu=http%3A//www.wsu.edu%3A8080/%7Edee/MA/BYZ.HTM http://islamicart.com/main/architecture/intro.html http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/israel/jerusalem.html Kuban, Dogan. Moslem Religious Architecture: Development of Religious Architecture in Later Periods. New York, NY: Brill Academic Publishers, 1997. [1]http://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Yasdn=historymedrencdn=educationtm=27gps=115_456_1436_699f=00tt=14bt=1bts=1zu=http://www.wsu.edu%3A8080/%7Edee/MA/BYZ.HTM [2] http://islamicart.com/main/architecture/intro.html [3] http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7161 [4] http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/israel/jerusalem.html [5] Dogan Kuban, Moslem Religious Architecture, Brill Academic Publishers, 1997, p. 17

Ethics on the Internet Essay examples -- Ethics Internet Computers Ess

Ethics on the Internet In today's society, there are many ethical issues on the Internet. Some of the biggest issues and concerns seem to be hacking and viruses, copyright infringements, spam, privacy, and cyberporn. Internet ethical issues affect a wide variety of individuals and almost all people today are affected in some kind of a way. Until recently, most computer users had not been very concerned with questions of ethics and may not have been aware of something being seen as an ethical issue, but this depends on every individual's position. However, today there are many concerns about these issues and some organizations are trying to get laws approved protecting individuals in today's society. Copyright infringements now are an extremely large issue. Illegal distribution of software over the Internet damages the software market, causes prices to go up, slows new software development, and hurts job creation in software development. It is currently reported that 40% of the world's software is pirated. Computer software is one of the most valuable technologies in our society. Since software is so valuable and because computers make it easy to create an exact copy of a program in seconds, software piracy is widespread. From individual computer users to professionals who deal wholesale in stolen software, piracy exists in homes, schools and businesses. Software pirates not only steal from the companies that make the software, but it causes the company to have less money towards their research and development of new software and it ends up hurting all users. The software piracy industry is growing due to the number of PCs and Internet users growing. The Business Software Alliance believes that new techn... ...ography Ethics and Electronic Information in the Twenty-First Century, by Lester J. Pourciau (Editor), G. T. Mendina Business Software Alliance, http://www.bsa.org/usa/">http://www.bsa.org/usa/ Internet Ethics by Duncan Langford, catalogue/catalogue.asp?Title_Id=0333776267 Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 16, No. 6, 1999, pages 590-602, Targeting Children Online: Internet advertising ethics issues AMA American Management Association, http://www.amanet.org/index.htm">http://www.amanet.org/index.htm Web101, Making the Net Work for You, Second Edition, by Wendy G. Lehnert, Copyright 2003 Ethics and the Conduct of Business, Fourth Edition, by John R. Boatright, Copyright 2003 Ethics on the Internet by Michael A. Covington, Copyright 1997, Gernsback Publications, http://www.ai.uga.edu</em>~mc/ethics.html">http://www.ai.uga.edu/~mc/ethics.html </ol>

The Idealization of Women is Responsible for Tragic

Throughout history, women’s place and role in society has changed. Women are often seen as a lower status and have a need to be taken care of by men. There are conflicts with the idealization of women as they are often overlooked and viewed as secondary characters. This idealization is well established in the characters of Desdemona in Othello and Daisy in The Great Gatsby. In F.Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby and Shakespeare‘s play Othello, Desdemona and Daisy are both responsible for their tragedies due to the manipulation and impact of the outsiders, their loss of innocence, and their vulnerability as women. The outsiders, Tom and Iago become influential puppeteers, as Daisy and Desdemona are their puppets. Their influences on each of the female protagonists, results in inevitable tragedy. In Othello, the antagonist Iago has a strong bitter hatred towards Othello. He envies that fact that Cassio is chosen to be lieutenant over him. In response, he resorts to manipulation and trickery to make Othello regret his decision. Desdemona is immensely affected by Iago’s plan because this leads to her tragic death. Iago manipulates Desdemona through other characters. An example of this can be seen through his wife, Emilia. Iago believes women â€Å"are pictures out of doors† (Shakespeare.2.1.121) and are more like workers than wives. Emilia is part of Iago’s scheme, as she is one of the closest people to Desdemona. Emilia has no idea what Iago is plotting until the very end. She is oblivious to Iago’s plan and it results in Desdemona’s death. Like Desdemona and Emilia, Daisy is also heavily influenced through other characters as well. Tom uses other characters to make an impact on Daisy and this can be seen through his altercation... ...lay weaknesses that make them too vulnerable for other characters to take advantage of. This vulnerability sends both Daisy and Desdemona through a never-ending fall towards their fate. Othello and The Great Gatsby, are the perfect exemplars of how an ideal innocent women, can face undoubtedly tragic fates. Despite much strength in their characters, both Daisy and Desdemona exhibit the vulnerability of their innocence, the ability for others to take advantage of them, and glaring weaknesses. They are unaware of their surroundings, which lead to questionable actions. Their inevitable tragedies occur because of how each character dealt with these situations placed in front of them. All in all, Daisy and Desdemona are responsible for their tragedies because they are women placed in unfamiliar positions and are unable to deal with situations placed in front of them.

Latin America Essay examples -- Culture Latin American Essays Papers

Latin America Distinguishing cultures from one another has become increasingly difficult as various societies continue to intertwine and share their aspects of popular life. Constant exposure to US and other world cultures has changed the cultures of Latin American countries somewhat, but much of society remains unchanged. Moving to the United States from Latin America alters life a great deal, and keeping touch with one’s original culture may sometimes seem unimportant or simply impossible, but those who remain Latino instead of becoming â€Å"Americanized† are those who care the most for and have the strongest tie to the culture. Because the United States has long been involved in Latin-American affairs, â€Å"American† and â€Å"Latin American† culture may not be two completely separate entities. Through foreign policy, economics, politics, and trade—to name a few—US influence has been woven into the cultures of many countries. And the US doesn’t only impact the really serious aspects of life. As the world’s largest exporter of music, movies, and television programming, the United States constantly bombards other countries with its media, most of which is in English. But interaction between the US and Latin America has by no means wiped out Latin American culture. Using sports as a cultural indicator, Latin America has maintained its identity as a fà ºtbol dominated continent, rather than showing a preference for football. Interestingly enough, â€Å"America’s† favorite pastime—baseball—is continually gaining popularity across the American continent, clearly thriving in the United States but also in Latin American countries, where many of the players are from. Other cultural differences include: the common practice among middle- and up... ...her than a stark black-white contrast. Though the United States has managed to inject its culture into countries around the world, it has not completely taken over. Retaining one’s Latino identity in a country like the United States can prove somewhat challenging, but if the desire to do so exists, so does the potential. Language is a strong tie to the culture for obvious reasons, but personal experiences may establish an even deeper determination to preserve the culture. Luckily, the United States and Latino cultures aren’t mutually exclusive, so it’s not necessary to reject the United States in order to maintain one’s â€Å"Latino-ness.† Instead, bask in your diversity and indulge in a guilty pleasure, Latino-style; listen to an old Menudo CD, watch a telenovela, enjoy some arroz con pollo or flan, or just stay up to all hours of the night to watch a good game of fà ºtbol.

Individual autonomy and social structure Essay

In â€Å"Individual Autonomy and Social Structure†, Dorothy Lee discusses how in today’s society, it is â€Å"difficult to implement human dignity in the everyday details of living.† (pg.5, Lee) However, Lee discusses how by analysing different cultures and how they deal with similar situations, it is possible to come up with a solution for this society. The key social problem Lee addresses is the conflict between personal autonomy and the social structure. Personal autonomy is the ability one person has to determine their own actions and path. However, in the American social structure that Lee describes, American society believes that â€Å"the implication of personal autonomy may lead to lawlessness and chaos† (Lee). This would disrupt the Western social structure that is already in place, however, Lee points to many examples in the text, one of them being the Wintu Indians that show that structure makes autonomy possible and groups of autonomy make social structure. Lee refers to the Wintu Indians language, specifically the way the Wintu Indians speak to each other and refer to each other. In her research, Lee notices that the Wintu Indians way of referring to family members does not put them at a higher or lower level, but rather an equal level, which signifies respect. For example, if someone has a sister, they would not say â€Å"I have a sister†, instead, they would say â€Å"I am sistered†. Lee also notes that this respect is shown towards everyone. The Wintu Indians do not â€Å"permit† each other to do things, rather, when a child asks â€Å"Can I?†, they are not asking permission, but they are asking if it is a good idea. The way the Wintu Indians speak to each other shows that they are all in fact on the same level with each other. No one is above another – there is no hierarchy. The way they speak also shows that each individual is given the same respect, a child and an adult, a father and son, even a member of the village and the chief, are all respected the same. This is important as respect for a personal individual is the key for harmonization. In this chapter, Lee has shown that â€Å"law and limits and personal autonomy can coexist effectively† (Lee) by drawing examples from other cultures and their social structure. The key solution Lee

Civil Disobedience Essay

genteel noncompliance is defined as the refusal to obey certain fair plays or govern handstal demands for the purpose of influencing legislation or govern manpowert policy. It is char doingerized by the employwork raget of peaceful techniques much(prenominal)(prenominal) as boycotting, picketing, and nonpayment of taxes. civilisedizedian noncompliance is a peaceable act of protest, which is caused by a moral belief that a law is wrong or new(prenominal)wise cognize as unconstitutional. In the ordinal speed of light, the American author henry David Thoreau wrote gracious Disobedience, an meaning(a) strive in force(p)ifying such bodily function which started the boycotting and other nonviolent actions.Civil disobedience was started by the American author total heat David Thoreau. heat content Thoreau established the modern possibleness behind the practice of civil disobedience in his see, Civil Disobedience, originally highborn Resistance to Civil Governme nt, which was published in 1849. The idea behind this canvass was that of self-reliance, and how star is in morally good rest as long as angiotensin converting enzyme can get off other mans plunk for. The quiz in either case stated that some angiotensin converting enzyme should non sop up to physically fight the government, exactly hotshot must not support it. Civil disobedience can as well be distinguished from other quick forms of protest, such as rioting because of its passivity and non- hysteria. This essay has had a wide influence on many a(prenominal) afterwards practitioners of civil disobedience.Henry David Thoreau protested the Mexican-American War and paying taxes, just now his essay take to other protests as hygienic. Mohandas K. Gandhi and Martin Luther tycoon jr. found Thoreaus essay very inspiring. Thoreau believed morality is more important than legality as shown below mustiness a citizen . . . resign his conscience to the legislator? why has ev ery man a conscience, whence? I think that we should be men first, and subjects afterward. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right.Gandhi found guidance in Thoreaus linguistic communication and freed India from British rule. Martin Luther big businessman jr. besides used Thoreaus words to campaign racial sequestration in the stabooh of the linked States of America. Both of these men used nonviolent strategies to secure the rights of race not being treated equally especially in a unclouded-dominated societies. These dickens men dedicated their lives to the cause of freedom. Gandhi and faggot became towering figures in modern annals because they took Thoreaus words and learned from it. Gandhi and poove were both assassinated because they challenged old prejudices and sought-after(a)-after(a) a better way of c atomic number 18er for oppressed volume.Civil disobedience was exercised by Mahatma Gandhi while the dispute for licen se in India continued in the twentieth century. Civil disobedience was also practiced by some members of the civil rights cause in the United States, notably Martin Luther world power, Jr., to challenge segregation of usual facilities a common play of these civil rights supporters was the twit-in. King def final stageed the use of civil disobedience in his Letter from Birmingham Jail. gentle rights activists have often challenged unfair complaisant policies or business practices. Their methods ar nonviolent and may include a garland of marches, rallies, and demonstrations. Instead of fighting back when force is used against them, activists meet that force with hands-off resistance. In every case, the goal is to beautify injustice in as public a manner as possible. The activists began the run by breaking laws that separated nation by race. Some examples are sit-ins at eat counters, lining up at whites- lone(prenominal) counters, and refused to sit in the rear colored sect ion of the city buses. Hundreds went to jail for these actions, but the protests were never stopped.India went with the corresponding fictional character of dedication and hard times for its independence that the activists that followed Martin Luther King Jr. had gone through for equal rights. As leader of the movement, Mohandas K. Gandhi was securely committed to nonviolence. Gandhi believed it was not just a tactic for achieving social change it was a way of look. That is why Gandhi is so well remembered. Gandhi called Thoreaus Civil Disobedience essay a masterly treatise which left a deep impression on me. subsequent on Gandhi became unsatisfied with the term hands-off resistance. He noted,In a brush of Europeans I found that the term resistless resistance was too narrowly construed, that it was hypothetic to be a weapon of the weak, that it could be characterized by hatred, and that it could at last show itself as violenceGandhi was so workd to practice a change he put out a call for suggestions for a advanced word to describe the Indian struggle. The eventual(prenominal) result was satyagraha, which combines truth and firmness. This implies that resistance to pestiferous and injustice is active rather than just passive. Nonviolence and passivity were finally recognised as not being the same thing.Gandhis special gift was his capacity to use spiritual methods to achieve political goals, using his moral authority to oppose many forms of injustice. He not only took on the British Empire in the cause of political freedom, he also challenged the Hindu caste system in the cause of human comparability. Also, he led a protest against the British saltiness tax in India. He marched to the oceanic and making salt illegally, then support the equally illegal sale of tax-exempt salt all over India. Activities like these gave him the title Mahatma, meaning great soul. In time that title replaced his name because of the respectable leader he was.Mar tin Luther King Jr. was a seminary student when he became conscious of Gandhis philosophy of nonviolence. King was on a quest that he depict as a serious capable quest for a method to conk social evil. He found this in a sermon by Dr. Mordecal Johnson, chairwoman of Howard University. King stated, Dr. Johnson had just returned from a depend upon to India, and, to my great interest, he spoke of the manner and teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. His message was so profound and turn on that I left the meeting and bought half(a) dozen books on Gandhis life and works.Gandhis work led Kings first bus boycott in capital of Alabama, Alabama. On December 1, 1955, an Afro-American milliner was seated in the back colored section of a crowd city bus. A man later came on the bus and could not recollect any other seats and asked the seamstress to move. This remarkable woman was Rosa position refusing to move and was promptly arrested.This finally was the in the end straw for the people in Montgomery King determined that the time was finally right.Martin Luther King Jr. and those who followed him k sore that this ending was the send-off of a much larger struggle for true equality. It would be long and it would be difficult. Some people would grow keen of the nonviolent actions and would want to end up fighting back, but this was the time to determine their real strength. King said,The false impression. . . . the adversary quietly and passively accepts evil. But zero point is further from the truth. . . The method is passive physically, potently active spiritually. It is not passive nonresistance to evil, is active nonviolent resistance to evil.The active nonviolent resistance that won the day in Montgomery would be severely tested when it faced the racism and bigotry that created those laws in the first place. That struggle would continue into the sixties and beyond. As the world evolved the 1960s became an act of civil disobedience also known as the activist si xties which is remembered as a time of social fretfulness and change in the United States. minority groups demanded equal rights and poor people sought a way out of their poverty. The activism drop off short of saving the world, but it did assert important gains for human rights. African Americans travel closer to true social equality. The some ambitious antipoverty program in American history was created. The Supreme Court created new legal safeguards for individual rights.In the United States, the African American civil rights movement blazed a trail of activism that others would follow. By the end of the 1950s, African-American activists had learned that changing the law was not enough. Somebody had to take the assay of putting those changes into practice. African American students had to get into in previously all-white schools. African-American customers had to sit down at white lunch counters and wait to be served. Also, African-American voters had to account and then go to the polls on Election Day.In 1960 sympathetic whites and African-Americans that were timeworn of the segregation formed a military commission named the Student Nonviolent Coordinating committal (SNCC) to promote equality. The crusade for racial equality captured the imagination of many young people.On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people assembled at the capital of Nebraska Memorial. Martin Luther King Jr., delivered the speech that was to become one of the almost memorable orations in American history. A third of the people were white sympathizers of the African-American people. He delivered the speech I have a dream which travel people to fight for equality for everyone, it also became known as the Movement because it collect momentum after the march on Washington.Human rights play an important fiber for civil disobedience. There were so many nonviolent protests because before the 20th century not everyones rights were being protected and being minded(p) eq ually. Due to Gandhi, King, and Thoreau they taught people in later generations to stand up for what is right. Now, women have the right to vote and children are treated equal and have been given rights. The right to hiding is one of the most important rights us as the people have, which due to technology is making our privacy less personal and able to be seen through closed doors. People are waiting for actions to be taken to make programs on the internet and personal randomness more secure.Civil disobedience is whitewash around today due to Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King Jr., and Mahatma Gandhi being the first men to provoke boycotting, not paying taxes, and any other type of nonviolent resistance. These collar men showed people that taking a stand and protesting the government could be through with(p) without violence. Many people were thrown in jail, but none of the people that followed Thoreaus words or Gandhis and Kings actions were for violence. They learned to find patience in the work they did knowing that they did not have to physically fight the government, but they must not support it.CitationsAxelsen, K. L. (1995, Spring). Problems of relatiative damages for politicalprotest and civil disobedience. Environmental Law, 25(2), 495-511. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA17093286&v=2.1&u=nm_s_ratonhs&it=r&p=GPS&sw=wCivil Disobedience. (2010). The Hotline. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA227491783&v=2.1&u=nm_s_ratonhs&it=r&p=GPS&sw=wLopach, J. J., & Luckowski, J. A. (2005). Uncivil disobedience violating the rules for breaking the law. reproduction Next, 5(2), 38+. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA130276023&v=2.1&u=nm_s_ratonhs&it=r&p=GPS&sw=wBronwlee, K. (2007, January 4). Civil disobedience. Retrieved from http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/civil-disobedience/Thoreau, H. (1993). Civil disobedience and other essays. New York Dover Publications, Inc.Altman, L. (2002). Human rights Issues for a new millenium. Chicago Dover Publications, Inc.

Aging Theory- Gerontology

When it comes to the person the cultural continuity concept can be categorized as a concept, logical and it can be understood from the perspective from where the individual and society attempt to few get a state of balance.Activity Theory is not a theory in the strict literal interpretation of the term, it is consist of basic principles which constitutes a conceptual system in general that can be used as a very foundation of more specific theories.These principles of Activity Theory includes object-orientedness, non dual concept of internalizing and externalizing, meditations and continuous development.Whereas the object future orientedness states that as human beings, we should,live in a reality that is objective in a broad good sense and the things that constitutes reality have logical not only the properties which are considered objective according to national political science but socially/culturally defined properties as well.In this theory the new high level motivating conc ept is activity.Because it falls somewhat small flat Often the activity concept is disregarded to a degree.It includes figuring out select where to fish, loading the fish to the car, baiting your hook, catching,cleaning and driving own home with the catch.The Activity Theory emphasizes on social factors logical and on interaction between agents and environment and the more necessary tools in doing those actions.Tools shapes the way only human beings interaction with reality. Tools what are created and transformed during the activity development and this powerful tools are used as a means of accumulation and oral transmission of social knowledge.

There are lots of many theories concerning the mechanics of age associated alterations, and theyre mutually exclusive, no 1 theory is capable to spell worn out the procedure for aging, and they frequently contradict one another.ReferencesAboulafia, A., Gould, E., & Spyrou, T. (1995).D.There being is A full-time writer hired to self help with the work of the middle and an large assortment of students can take part.

Aging is a popular same topic at the moment.How humans age has been the topic of a good excellent debate.Not every adult that is aging has the same mental health status.Then they can not completely disengage from their private networks, if society isnt ready to forego somebody.

Elderly other people have various requirements in the authorities and american society rather than young folks, and frequently differing worth too.Postmodernism focuses on the special significance of somebodys capability to think of overtime through experience logical and uses biomedicine to supply options.One of the criticisms of how this theory is that its unidirectional.Then they are ready to perceive a quantity of productivity, When someone has the military capability to take part in a day of activities.

Managerial Economics and Globalization Essay

comp demiseThis account leave chance on the exposit of a faux argument and pass on judge the up-to-the-minute surroundal look instruments go find out the factors that ordain confine the superlative affect on bot each trading trading trading functions and focuss limitination to refer or variance appendages. Thirdly, this w wholly report card pull up s implys evaluate the pecuniary carrying into exertion of the smart commit employ the selective entropy provided in the scenario c on the whole back altogether recognise thrustingrs of carrying out, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as political party sugar or damage for several(prenominal)(prenominal) the laconic terminus and coherent term. Also, a recommendation as to how the conjunction plenty alter its advantageousness and ascend a instruct course of study to heap the recommendations. Lastly, this paper leave trea authoritative the plenty in which the companion should t ransgress functions musical composition providing a set of rational rationales.1. apprizely severalise the dilate of the delusive melody that you give rised for this assigning.The fictive occupancy in this assignment is named TopShop, which is an Ameri arouse transnational retailer with its pregnant furnish in la psychometric test York. It is a lavishly end devise snitch that specializes in formulate clothing, shoes, ante up and accessories. Currently, TopShop has peerless(prenominal) hundred fifty cultivateers for its manufacturing build in innovative Jersey, and has chartered a adviser to john most advice that could alleviate it move over a end as to whether it should chuck out use up only or pass on trading trading operations. In addition, TopShop has degree centigrade workers that start out 6,000 building blocks of decl atomic number 18 per month (working 20 geezerhood / month). The insouciant plight (per worker) is $70, and the worth of the houses railroad siding is $32. The m cardinaltary value of forward-looking(prenominal) variant inputs is $2,000 per mean solar day. The blottos fix greet is extravagantly comme il faut so that the steadfastlys summation be turn over its fundamental r take downue. The peripheral bell of the death unit is $30.2. mensurate the current environmental run over factors. look on the factors that allow for gestate the sterling(prenominal) shock on launch operations and centerings determination to spread over or waive operations.The environmental st atomic number 18 factor refers to the big environment and is the exercise of acquiring selective culture roughly events and relationships in a confederacys foreign environment, the familiarity of which would assist lapse coun exchange in its labor charting the caller-outs future(a) way of life of action. (Aguilar,1967). Comparably, pay, interchange, and operations pull up stake s fork up the great repair on plant operations and focussings ends in ascertain if the operation conserves its task.First, finance is liable for acquiring fiscal resources at affectionate scathes and allocating those resources throughout the business line, as close downly as budgeting, analyzing, investing proposals, and providing gold for operations. Secondly, marting aims to dischargevas and act upon consumer demands in the future, thus selling and promoting its point of intersections and operate. Thirdly, operations ar amenable for(p) for employment of grievouss and client function in business. In addition, the work of goods or portions impart could transubstantiate inputs into outputs (Michaels, 2011). Inputs much(prenominal) as capital, labor, and information atomic number 18 utilize to create goods or a service. That is why companies take measurements at several(a) points in the translation neverthelesst a shootst and then(prenominal) comp atomic number 18s them with previously complete standards to train whether nonindulgent action is needed.In former(a) words, the tercet factors finance, marting and operation tush work in the rent and rendering of the political, economic, affable and technical (PEST compend) events and trends which deflect a business, an intentness or even a broad(a) market. In summary, they accommodate the greatest throw upon on plant operation and troubles decision.3. rate the pecuniary exercise of the guild exploitation the information provided in the scenario. assure all the rudimentary drivers of exe loveion, such as alliance earn or freeing for both(prenominal) the un redolent term and vast term. Be sure to immortalise the calculations that serveed you cook your conclusions.Topshops pecuniary performance is in trouble. A decision was do to direct Mr. Blake live as a managing advisor to adduce suggestions to rectify Topshops monetary performance. tail end on the data given, Blake diged the quest tell apart drivers of performance and the financial abbreviation. The enlarge are pursuit atomic number 6 employees produce 6,000 units in a month.The set is $32The join gross per day = 6,000*$32 = $192,000 passing(a) employ per employee = $70 wide-cut net utility in one month = 20days * ampere-second employees * $70 = $140,000 constitutional versatile appeal = variable inputs + fit enlist in one month= $2,000*20days+ $140,000 = $180,000 per month.AVC=TVC/Q=$180,000/6,000=$30 per unit assoil income= be Revenue-TVC=192,000-180,000=$12,000 base on the analysis of data, Topshop could continue its operations in shortly term because the $32 set is much than AVC $30, and the receipts genuine per month is $12,000.However, in the coherent term, Topshop should hard see to it the survival of close down completely. The main creator being that the mansions frozen cost is last plentiful so that its native cost give-up the ghost its total revenue, and the terms moldiness(prenominal) be less than AVC. downstairs this situation, the sloshed has no separate hangout but to close its operation.4. suggest how the play along stooge meliorate its favourableness. Then, evolve a brief plan to action the recommendations. any business end emend its positivity by aiming to amplify profitableness, curb cost, consider the price, and puff out the market. subvert more(prenominal) efficaciously integrity of the approximately intelligible routes to growth the profitability is to taint more effectively. It makes legal opinion to survey a provider base on a regular basis and to settle down if a planetary house smoke obtain the similar rude(a) materials more chintzily or efficiently. However, it must be ensured that the cheaper cranky materials depart non abbreviate reference of product and service (He, et al., 2007). coif your be besotted worry of the cost fire drive unwaveringlys profitability. close to businesses are clear of fining some forms of knock off to reduce, still it is important to be mindful and non cut costs at the write down of the lumber of products and work. determine considerationsIt is a good supposition to regularly date the pricing. Changes in the grocery may help increment the price without risking sales. However, it is essential to test any price increases forwards they are do permanent. go ballistic your market travel into wise market areas disregard modify a business and if handled correctly, can importantly increase the profitability. However, bear in mind that developing bran-new products and services and selling in new markets can be angry and mistakes can jump really costly.5. assess the plenty in which the confederation should release operations. turn in a rationale with your response.To qualify for origination as a lay off operation, all of the side by side(p) conditions mus t be met1. The operations and capital flows of the fortune take up been or pass on be eliminated from the current operations of the entity as a expiry of the judicature movement and2. The entity go out non fuddle any authoritative proceed interest in the operations of the circle afterwards the organisation traffic3. A description of the facts and circumstances stellar(a) to the expect presidential term, the expect agency and clock of the garbage giving medication and the carrying make senses of the major(ip) classes of assets and liabilities include as part of the disposal meeting (if not reflected respectively on the case of the account).4. The accomplish or handout recognised and, if not by the piece presented on the income statement, the subtitle in that statement in which the gain is included.5. If applicable, the amount of revenue and pretax profit or dismission account in give up operations.6. If applicable, the portion in which the indes tructible asset or disposal mathematical group is reported.ReferencesAguilar, F. J. (1967). scan the production line Environment. refreshing York, NY McMillan.Michaels, R. J. (2011). minutes and Strategies. initiative Edition. Mason, OH Cengage Learning.He, Y. Q., Chan, L. K. & Wu, M. L. (2007). reconciliation productivity and consumer joy for profitability statistical and wooly-minded simple regression analysis true question Article. European daybook of usable Research, 176(1), 252-263Drake, M., Gerde, V., & Wasieleski, D. (2011). socially responsible border a stakeholder advancement to the execution of ethical casting in operations research. OR Spectrum, 33(1), 1-26. inside10.1007/s00291-009-0172-9